Arabic Literature

Abstract Both Nimā and Al–Bayāti are one of the vanguard poets in contemporary literature of Iran and Iraq. Although it is not connection between them, but the synchronic conditions and living in analogous politic and social conditions, and inferior absolutism and stifling atmosphere, having social commitment with mulish and protester soul against society and taking up a fortified state against that, and acquainting symbolist poets of French literature, and trend to symbolism, have given very communications between their poetry. For example we can allude to dreadful attendance of “night“ in their poems by absolutism and tense atmosphere sign. This essay by allusion to function of “night “in contemporary poems, analyze two poems: “Hast shab“ and “Allayl –lo fi kolle makanen“ of Nimā and Al–Bayāti. Afterwards explains the similarity and differentiation between them.

Abstract This study entitled intellectuals and their relations to alienation: A Comparative study of “Ghada al-Samman and Ghazaleh Alizadeh novels. The study includes Ghada al-Samman’s novels, namely: “Beirut Nightmares”, “The Eve of Billion”, as it discusses Ghazaleh Alizadeh’s novels, namely: “Idriss House”.
This comparative study uses the methods of the American School, which focus on common and uncommon points between literary works.
We can say that origins of intellectual’s alienation- in his country and country of emigration- return to the function of social and political powers in her society.

Abstract Al-shab Al-Zarif, one of the most Well-known Poets of Decadence Age, is Also a Foremost Borrower of Religious Texts in the Field of Worldly Lyric. His Lyrics are Influence by Quran, Various Religious Texts, and Notions of his Sufi Father, Afif Al-din Telmesani. This Study Tries to Examine the Works of this Prominent Poet and Analyze Their Intersexual Relations to Show his Power in Mixing Religious Materials With Clearly Expressed and Seemingly Contradictory Lyric. This Study Reveals That His Works First and Foremost Inspired by Quran, Religious Rites and Rituals and Then Religious Science Terminology, Sufi Concepts, and Finally, Various Historical Religious Figures. He Expertly and Extraordinarily Intertwines Worldly and Religious Meanings Together and Reaches The highest Level of Intersexuality Which is Complete Negation. Finding the Hidden Layers Inside Various Literary Texts Makes a Deeper Reading and Helps us to Understand that Particular Text more Thoroughly and See it in a Completely New Way.

Abstract The western symbolism that characterized in France at the late nineteenth century invaded the Arabic modern literature and had great effect on development of its forms and genres especially on the theater. Actors arose in Arab world take principles of symbolism in their productions among them Ali Oqla Orsan who is truly master of writing, presenting and criticism of theater in Syria. His symbolic theaters include “al-Sheikh wa al-Tariq”, “Zowar al-Lail” and “Tahawolat Azef al-Nai”. In this research we try to analyze symbolic aspects of “Zowar al-Lail”. This theater tells us about psychological conflict that suffers Ahmad, hero of theater, and drags him to suicide for he was committed bad works to his beloved (Hend). She loved him and trusted in him but he leaved her alone before her achy fate. From this viewpoint we extracted the symbols and analyzed modality of its inspiration from its title and thought and then its characters, time and place. At the end and by reliance on technical method we conclude that Orsan in this theater and in its semantic employment, try to talk about human psychological conflict that arises with his sins during his life.

Abstract Al-Fawaed-Uz-Ziya'iya" is a great book written by the Abdar-Rahmān Jāmī, the Iranian poet of the fifteenth century. Jāmī has written this book as an explanation to the Al-kafiya of Ibnal-Hajib. This is one of the classical works written on the Arabic grammar or Nahw. This book has been called "Al-Fawaed-Uz-Ziya'iya" since Jāmī has written it for his son, Ziya-od-Din Yusuf. Jāmī had great knowledge in Arabic language and especially in the Nahv. He has taken an impartial view in the explanation of the book. He has not only been reciting the grammarians' viewpoints but also he has expressed his own opinion in grammar rules. He has never refused Ibnal-Hajib’s opinions straightly, but he has tried to present the other opposite grammarians' viewpoints in this regard. This paper addresses and analyzes Jāmī’s viewpoints in this book and come to this conclusion that Jāmī was among the followers of the al-Basrah school in Nahw.

Abstract Maqamat of  Badi Al- Zaman is the most valuble Arab old works, that it could pay attention rapidly literary men and even public people, because of Badi Al- Zaman be able to use with own rare creativity and intelligence for the first time  alot story elements such as characte, event, plot, scene, dialogue, realty-view. Character and characterize is the basic story elements in Maqamat and communicative between another story elements, that in Maqamat like another short stories had Taken two direct and indirect ways. With regard to get result the aspect of Maqamat characteristics and amount skills success of Badi Al- Zaman who is help from group of people his contemporary, could have shown realty, until to make reder accept character, like what are know in Maqamat. These characters is not complex creatures that reader break up their relation with reality and not simply and unilateral that who was to predict all of act and behavior and their talk comfortable. Badi Al- Zaman to get so success said concrete example of actions, behavior and characteristics speed in different ranks in this work. Which after about 10 century, no one could be created such as “Isa Ibn-e- Hosham” and hero such as “Abo Alfath Eskandari”.

Abstract Social revivalism and fighting against the stagnation that entangles societies are the main reasons for nation's awakening and their freedom from colonizers and oppressors. The renowned Tunisian poet, Abu al-Qāsim al-Shābbi, has called for uprising and awakening of people throughout his poetry book and has asked people not to be indifferent about what is going on around them. In this book, numerous revivalist images can be seen that emphasize people's will and volition. The recent uprisings in the Islamic world started from Tunisia in the beginning of 2011. The slogan in these revolutions was often “People want the fall of the regime”, which shows the central role of people’s will. Besides, people carried al-Shabbi’s poems in the form of slogans on banners, an act that reflects the direct or indirect effects of this poet on the recent developments of the Arab world.

Abstract Abstract
In this research, we try to examine the methods of tautology in modern poetry by studying the poems of Badr Shaker Sayyab. The research method is descriptive and analytical, and collection of data is written in the library.Tautology is the basic element of internal music of a poem. It is also one of the important elements in Defamiliarization among artists. The basic rule in tautology is making connections between meanings of the poem and enabling a strong bond with other elements and parts of it. One of the most sensible traits of the new poetry (blank verses) in Arabic literature is the element of tautology; therefore it can be called as one of the innovation methods of contemporary poetry.Badr shaker Sayab is an inventive poet who frequently utilizes tautology in sentences in his poems. Some of the functions of tautology in his poetry include increasing internal music, highlighting political and social subjects, illustrating the pictures and emphasizing on internal feelings of the poet.

Abstract

Abstract Michael Rifatter’s semiotics is one of the approaches of literary criticism of the contemporary era. It offers a coherent framework for critique and analysis of poetry. The bases of this theory are the discovery of the semantic network of poetry based on interpretation according to the reader’s literary ability and trying to discover the origin of the text by passing from heuristic reading to interpretive reading. This study tries to analyze the semiotic processes of Saadi Yousef’s poem “Khoz Vardat al­-Salje Khoz al-Kairouaniat” based on Rifatter’s semiotic theory in order to reach the hidden layers of the text. The heuristic reading of this poem expresses the dramatic story of the poet’s grieving soul as he is on a train which journeys to distant lands and takes him farther away from his homeland. But the retroactive reading of the poem shows that it has five accumulations and a descriptive system. By going from the quote level (appearance) to the higher level, by finding the codes in the poem as well as the ungrammaticalities and semiotics for each of them, the authors have found explanation for the main subject (hypogram) and the effect of the semantic structure of the text (matrix). The analysis of this poem shows that it is the product of expanding several matrices such as despair and sorrow, exile and homesickness, love for the homeland, oppression and repression, domination of foreigners over the poet’s homeland, invitation to fighting back, portraying the plundered Iraq, and disappointment with the present situation.

Abstract From the formalists' viewpoint, verbal repetitions and the way they are used in the structure of artistic and aesthetic poetic texts have a great effect on the prominence of words. In literary texts, choosing the right words, the type of arrangement in the sentence, how words relate to each other in word structure, Pay attention to the sounds and music hidden in the letters that make up them it is effective in creating music and creating a harmonious atmosphere in literary texts. Repetition in new Arabic poetry has its particular form and structure and it is displayed at different levels of speech including the repetition of letters, vocabulary, sentences. The way these repetitions are placed in the texture of an ode shapes different forms in the structure of repetitions in the architecture of the ode which the  has a strong relationship  with the content of poetry and the poetic experience of the poet and is considered as an important foundation in appearing phonemic balance and melody of speech. This article aims at scrutinizing geometric repetitions in the poetry of Amal Donqol via analytic. Descriptive method. In Donqol's poem one can encounter different kinds of scholarly technical and with certain objectives. In a way that syntactic semantic cohesion of Donqol's odes is to a great extent. Based on geometric repetitions. Repetition in Donqol's poems aims at developing meaning, emphasis and stabilizing the message in the mind of the addressee, picturing and high lighting the concepts meant by the poet.

Abstract As one of the relatively new branches of human knowledge, semiotics seeks to open new horizons of the text to the audience by relying on the text and deciphering the signs and how they work. The narrative poems of Wadī‛ Sa‛ādah, a contemporary Lebanese poet, and Hafez Mousavi, a contemporary Iranian poet, have intricate inner layers and meanings that describe events in visual language. Considering the diversity of cryptographic levels in the narrative poems of these two poets, this research employed a descriptive-analytical method and the American comparative School to investigate the cryptographic semiotics in the poem "Dead Moments" by Wadī‛ Sa‛ādah, and "Say something, from love ..." by Hafez Mousavi via the French semiotics based on "Five Codes" of Roland Barthes (1915-1980), and acquire dimensions of the interpretive capacities of these two poems. The results obtained from this research are such that the cryptocurrencies used in these two poems, apart from the formal use, are considered one of the successful tricks of the two poets in creating open text. This issue is more evident in the titles of both poems, which are interpretable and can be studied in the context of enigmatic codes. The semantic codes of these two poems with implicit meanings and its symbolic codes with obvious and understandable contrasts, proairetic codes, as the most frequent codes of these two poems with related developments and cultural codes with an ideological dimension and intertextual explanation are successful in representing the events of the war and the ultimate goal of Sa‛ādah and Mousavi and are considered as a factor in advancing the narrative movement of the text

Abstract There are novels and stories hoarding literally inter-textuality which make the reader go back to traditional texts, to the author himself, or to other authors, especially when the author himself appears in the narrative text. This seems to be hard and the text should be studied according to the meta-narrative basis to discover what's before and after the text and also the meta-text and criticizing the narrative text. One of the Arab novelists that significantly focused on writing meta-narrative texts with its different levels is the Sudani's writer Amir Taj Alser especially in his two works: larvae hunter" and  "the weather" in which the incidents, characters, body, and themes are clear that the reader thinks these two are one novel or the second is completing the first. This study is based on inter-textual comparison between the two novels in order to discovery the meta-narration of narrators, intrigue and characters. While analyzing it appears that Amir Taj Alser was well informed of the meta-narrative text in his two novels. We mainly concluded that the novel " larvae hunter" is a pre-text and it is completed by the meta-narrative technique of the novel " the weather" as a way to connect the themes and structural models used in both novels. This is a descriptive analytical study and from the features of it is going back to the previous text as a comparative study or inter-textuality.

Abstract Picaresqe is an important style in contemporary fiction that writers use to express their views on society and its problems and to critique the social, political, economic and moral situation in their works. Picaresqe stories; it is the story of their adventures and their sufferinds and dangers, which is why they are often written in the form of real autobiographical stories from the point of view of a first-person or third-person conscience. This fictional genre first appeared in 16th century Spain and later spread to other world literatures. Mohammad Shokri has also used this style of story to reflect the society of Moroccan and the Arab world and the deteriorating situation in her works. The main purpose of this paper, which is written in a descriptive – analytical method, is to analyze the content characteristics of Picaresqe in the novels "AL-Khobz AL-Hafi, AL-Shottar and vujooh" known as the Shokri trilogy. This trilogy tells the story of Mohammad Picaro from the beginning to the end and through the author it depicts the problems of the deprived and lower classes of Moroccan society at the time. Findings suggest that content characteristics that place the Shokri trilogy in Picaresqe''s novel are critical realism, travel and confront the protagonist with various events, poverty, and the need for a protagonist, unemployment, displacement, and absurd adventures. Madness and companionship whit cunning and slaves, rebellion against social lows and customs, satire and criticism of of society and people, expression of social disorders and moral corruption and bitter satire. Because literary works generally arise from the cultural, social and economic conditions of society and profound impact on people''s lives and shokri''s trilogy is written in the same way, so addressing this issue can reveal many aspects of the Moroccan society of the time to the reader

Abstract Chaos is one of the dual confrontations of meaning production, which today defines the correct understanding of the causes of narration. Lotman believes that chaos is in opposition to order and induces a destructive and negative approach to the text, in fact, this type of destruction is a kind of deconstruction in the content of the text that creates new content. Baha Taher is an exiled writer who tries to portray his inner chaos by reflecting in the mental states of the characters in the story and shows that inner and eternal chaos prevails in the eyes of the narrator. The current research was conducted with the aim of comparative reading of the novel "Love in Exile" and the collection of stories "Winter of Fear" written by Baha Taher based on Yuri Lutman's model of Cosmos and Chaos with a descriptive-analytical approach in the scope of Arab migration literature and culture. The result of the research indicates that the author has explained his inner feelings in dealing with the new atmosphere and culture based on chaos and chaos in the fictional characters of the studied works, as the eternal chaos and the movement of the butterfly wing caused the events to be non-linear and the events based on uncertainty. . Any complex phenomenon such as fear and disorder is affected by other events such as: eternal chaos, self-similarity, dynamic adaptation field, chaos before order and chaos after order, which created disturbances and transformations in fictional characters and caused reactions in these characters. Is. The final achievement of such riots is to arouse the audience's sense of content and effect. What is clear is that eternal chaos and self-identity are very similar in these two novels, which are fear and wandering.

Abstract In Contemporary semiotics, if there are such names as Propp, Grimas, Todorov, Genet, and Barthes in the field of narratological studies, Michael Riffattere should be considered one of the methodical theorists in the field of poetry. In the course of his ideas and theories, turns from Riffaterre "structural stylistics" to the semiotics of poetry and text production, and in this regard, he presents the signs and elements that create the literature of poetic text. In Riffaterre theory, there are two ways of reading: exploratory or linear reading and semiotic or retrospective reading which the reader, after examining the elements of text literature, namely inaccuracies, descriptive systems, accumulations (synonyms) and hypograms (the stereotyped image that is induced in the mind of the reader through the whole poem), achieves the matrix or network of poetry, which is the basic proposition of the poem and provides means of unity. In this article, after exploratory and semiotic reading of the ode of sorrow, we came to the conclusion that the semiotic elements based on Riffaterre's point of view can play a good role in reading the semiotic level of the ode of sorrow Abdel-Saboor; The poem's mourning has few instructions in terms of vocabulary and syntax, but in terms of meaning it has many instructions that show themselves through simile, metaphor and irony. On the other hand, descriptive systems, accumulations, hypograms, and finally text matrices all together illustrate the key themes of poetry and achieve poetic unity

Abstract It has been about a decade that the apparently Islamic government of Iraq and Syria known as “ISIS” has played a role in Iraq. By forming a government, ISIS has tried to reconstruct the society and promote its own special discourse. Since the rise of any movement and phenomenon is manifested in literary realism, which represents social truth and life, the effect of ISIS on literary fiction in Iraq, the target point of this movement’s activism, is considerable. The main purpose of this study is to identify the discourse elements of ISIS, define Nodal point, floating signifier, empty signifier, foregrounding and marginalization and determine the articulation of its discourse in “the Bird Tattoo” novel by “Dunya Mikhail” based on analytical-descriptive method and with reference to discourse analysis model by Laclau and Mouffe. This method has an immense capacity to define social-political phenomena. The results show that ISIS political basis which grounds in accepting “self” (foregrounding) and rejecting “other” (marginalizing Christians, Jews and Iraqi Yazidis) marginalizes every person, group or organization which is not in line with its ideology and accuses them of disobeying and rioting. ISIS is an ideological organization based on Takfiri thought and beliefs, and to fight this organization, besides face-to-face war, it’s thought system should be confronted. To realize central signifier of ISIS discourse, which is establishing “Islamic Caliphate”, floating signifier (Jihad, Takfir of “other”, Sharia and Hejira) helps its articulation so that the empty signifier of this discourse (establishing justice and equality, building dignity and dominating the world), which is also its metaphoric and mythicizing aspect, realizes

Abstract Human uses language as a tool to communicate with others and expresses his knowledge and requests with that. Every country or culture has its own special language. One of the most eloquent and conceptual ways of transferring language experience and communication is the proverb. This language phenomenon represents a clear vision of its society circumstances whether in cultural, political or historical terms and it is unique in its own kind, especially, if the proverbs be common, because their commonness shows that these wisdoms have been taken from society depths and they have been occasionally modified. Most of these proverbs have been received in visual schemes taken from the human imagination. In other words, human experience is an inseparable part in all of them. The present research has surveyed the visual schemes in Mosul common proverbs represented by George Lakoff and Johnson and it has shown that the represented volumetric schemes by the linguists have been conceived according to the human abstract behavior and attitude and their growth is obvious in Mosul and they have high frequency among the other visual, dynamic and communication schemes and also, in power scheme, the top-down scheme has the least frequency. Most of the focus of Mosul people is on the details of affairs and the scheme of being inhibited which mostly  consists of coming to a dead end is considerably visible in Mosul proverbs. In all the schemes, human thought and its physical aspect has a major impact on its metaphysical aspect

Abstract The colonial powers defined, defined, and narrated the nature of the colonial countries, that is, “the other,” according to their cognitive system and in service of their colonial goals. The novel "Shouq Al-Darwish" narrates how the colonizer rose to be the final giver of meanings, purposes, and legitimacy, and this resulted in falsifying the historical path of the indigenous groups. The novel was full of religious symbols that fit the historical background of the events, a struggle between the Islamic Mahdist trend and the Orthodox Christian trend in Sudan. In this research, we aim, with a descriptive-analytical approach, to identify how the novel provides an insightful reading of part of the history of the Mahdist Revolution, through which the balance of central hegemony is tipped in favor of reality, in light of the colonial attempts that rendered the indigenous peoples inert and referred to only as categories that must be erased. Its cultures. The conditions of the colonial countries were represented in vague, primitive images, separating them from their culture and making them imagine that breaking with it would lead them to modernity. This novel describes how the East lived under the preoccupation of anxiety, fragility, and confusion regarding its authorities, as it had no choice but to follow the Western other, especially in the main character, “Bakhit Mendil,” as he found himself in specific frameworks that did not allow him global integration and did not allow him to develop his own identity. Among the mechanisms that the novel came up with to present this image is to represent the religious-historical interrelationship from an important angle. This is because history is described as a final, fixed substance that cannot be touched upon. However, the novel, as a text based on imagination, made history the subject of questioning and cast a shadow of doubt on the history that The "Mahdist Revolution" was described as a bloody and subversive movement

Abstract Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between the structure of language and its use. One of the most important components for the functional analysis of texts is the identification of Politeness theory indicators, the purpose of which is to discover the manners of politeness and speech and their role in reflecting implicit concepts. Since implicit concepts appear in the use of language, their understanding is formed in the recognition of two external and internal factors. The leading research with a descriptive-analytical method and with a pragmatic approach, studied thirty-one utterance of Nahj al-Balagheh in the category of forgiveness, miserliness and patience based on the classification of the book "Thematic Dictionary of Nahj al-Balagheh" and the manners of Politeness theory in this part He has criticized and analyzed the statements. By examining the strategies of Politeness theory in the mentioned topics, the conclusion was finally reached that Imam (A.S.) while observing the mechanisms of politeness, informs the audience and assures him to accept his words after weighing, evaluating, thinking, deliberating and reasoning. In this regard, he uses strategies such as creating passion, referring to the power of human will, making the mind flexible, softening the speech, aligning one's goal with the speaker's goal, increasing the freedom of action, etc. Additional meanings such as warning and reminding, warning, informing, stopping , persuading, honoring the audience's dignity and such things, it has inspired the audience to appeal about an issue without harming the personality of the audience in the slightest

Abstract In recent decades, Arabic poetry has undergone a profound transformation in its structure and function. It is no longer merely a means of aesthetic or personal expression, but rather a central discourse for questioning reality, exposing hidden structures of power, and representing the cultural and political tensions tearing Arab societies apart. In this context, the poet Adonis's experience stands out as an advanced model of modernist poetry, which goes beyond mere representation, but rather engages in deconstructing and reproducing prevailing cultural and ideological structures through critical interpretive methods. His poem "Orbits of the Orchestra of the Hundred-Year Islamic-Islamic War?" is a telling example of this endeavor, reflecting the struggle of the self against systems of hegemony and attempting to establish a poetic horizon that reshapes the relationship between humanity, history, and identity.This research begins with a fundamental question: How does the poetic discourse in this poem contribute to reshaping collective consciousness and cultural identities in the Arab world, away from stereotypical representations and ideological repetition? From this perspective, the research seeks to explore the poetic and symbolic tools the text employs to create a different discourse that intersects with concepts of power, self, and reality, through a critical vision that transcends the political surface to the symbolic interior. The research adopts the method of critical discourse analysis as developed by Norman Fairclough, through three stages: description, interpretation, and clarification, to reveal the mechanisms of meaning formation within the text and its relationship to the surrounding social, cultural, and political contexts. The research results revealed that the poetic discourse in this poem not only reflects reality, but also reproduces it through images and metaphors that engage in symbolic resistance, opening the way for a new awareness that transcends isolation and proposes critical possibilities for dismantling power and liberating the self from the constraints of the dominant discourse

Abstract Critiquing the methodological processes underlying new critical approaches to the legacy of eloquent rhetoric necessitates understanding the deviant ideas dominating rhetoric. ʻᾹbid Jābirī (1936) drawing on modern humanities developed the intellectual project of "Critique of Arab Reason" across Arabic heritage. under the pretext of engaging with heritage, and through a unified critical approach and two different methods; he provides a critical reading of the views of rhetorical thinkers. He assumes Jurjānī (d. 471 AH) under the divergent thought in the project of "Critique of Arab Reason," framing him negatively by equating his rational method with the institutionalization of analogical thinking, which imposed a type of stagnation on rhetoric. The present study aims to explore how Jābirī's critical reading and methodology regarding the two concepts of "Analogy" and the "System of reasoning" of Jurjānī are based on critical-thinking paradigms using a qualitative approach and inductive method. The results indicated that Jābirī's main opposition to ʻAbd al-Qāhir lies in Jurjānī's epistemology. Moreover, he views "Analogy" and the "System of reasoning" as the foundational elements of Jurjānī's epistemological approach. Jābirī sees no similarity between Jurjānī and Aristotle, emphasizing the difference between philosophical and religious methods; rather, he believes that Jurjānī's method of reasoning and inferences are foreign to the essence of rhetoric. He describes ʻAbd al-Qāhir's rational system as a dead form of reason in the study of rhetoric, due to the necessity to adhere to meaning. Therefore, according to Jābirī, Jurjānī's argumentative formulation is governed by a type of subjectivism. He prefers demonstrative analogy over expressive analogy for engaging with rhetoric

Abstract From a Heideggerian philosophical perspective, the world is not merely a collection of objects or a network of conventional relations; rather, at a deeper level, it is essentially and continuously bound to the question of Being (existence). The world, in itself, constitutes a mode of Being, and the true task of philosophy lies in being ontological—an inquiry into the Being of this world. From another angle, when we turn to contemporary literature and poetry, we find that one of the defining features of present-day poetry is its engagement with the world, its manifestations and elements, as well as the dominant relations governing it, from this very perspective.

In contemporary Arabic literature, the poetry of Adonis undoubtedly represents one of the most prominent embodiments of this approach. Adonis is a poet-philosopher—or a philosopher-poet—who harnesses the latent energy of language to articulate an epistemological vision of Being, to the extent that one may argue that the central poetic concern in his work is the question of existence itself.

This article focuses on Martin Heidegger’s concept of the “worldhood of the world” and examines selected poems from Adonis’s recent poetic collection Adoniada to offer a reading that highlights this ontological presence. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology, and the findings indicate that Adonis, at times, operates in harmony with Heidegger’s ontological insights by creating the text within the space of language, while at other times, as a creative poet, he advances a more progressive—and even divergent—vision in addressing certain thematic axes. He thus exploits the possibilities of poetry, which, by its very nature as a mode of Being in its own right, maintains a broader and more fundamental relationship with ontological inquiry.

Abstract Rhetoric with different types of different aspects of the text and the hypertext of the work is investigated by microbiology and aims to provide a cognition of the features of the effect and manner or how to create it in the construction and the textbook exclusive to the creator of the work Is.This kindof Stylistics from the past, in the classical and modern studies, is the basis of the discussion of literary works and is carried out at three levels of language, content and rhetoric. In the present research, the rhetorical style of the collection of the grave of my grave (2009), The work of Yaḥyā Samāwy, the contemporary poet, was the basis for discussion. With the discussion in the text of this collection, we find that the components of the poet's rhetorical style in this collection are as follows: contradictory expression, symbolism, the use of legacies in the form of telemoments, conceptual desensitization, tendency to the expressions of simile And metaphorical visualization, each of which has a particular function for the poet in this collection. The purpose of this article is to provide an understanding of the great aspects of the poet's rhetoric in the collection.

Abstract ĀL-e Mīkāl, the leading aristocratic family of western Khorasan from the 3rd/9th to the 5th/11th century; descended from the pre-Islamic nobility of the Samarkand region, it played an important political role. With the establishment of The Abbasid Caliphate, The Mīkālis family returned to the political and social arenas of the society and took power again. They were always the governor of Naīšāpbūr which was the most important city of Khorasan at that time. The ability of members of the Mīkāli family to serve rulers of very different political and religious characters testifies to their elite status and exceptional talent. As they were so interested in Arabic culture and Language, they made good connections with the related scholars. Abu al-Faḍl ͨUbayd Allah ibn Ahmad al-Mikali, poet and prose stylist (436/1044-5), was one of the greatest individuals in this dynasty whose reputation was spread to the west parts of the Islamic territories and whose poems and Arabic books were studied and referred to by many famous people.This paper tries to examine and describe his scientific character, and also to introduce his books and to analyze the contents of them.