Arabic Literature

Abstract Poetic space," the world constructed by the poet, consists of multiple and intricate elements, with time holding a prominent position. The past, present, and future are embodied in a unique interplay, enabling the poet to explore the depths of the human psyche and express their visions. As the poet begins to craft their poem, they paint a personal temporal canvas, evoking memories of the past, experiencing the present moment in its sensory and emotional details, or looking to the future with apprehension or hope. These multiple temporal dimensions, through their interaction and intertwining, lend poetry depth and richness, allowing the reader to experience a fully dimensional poetic journey. This research, employing a descriptive-analytical approach, aims to study the poetic time space in Fadel Ibrahim Al-Hamdani's poetry based on Gérard Genette's narrative theory. The research findings indicate that the temporal structure in Al-Hamdani's poetry is characterized by its linear (sequential) and interactive (non-linear) nature, where external time, linked to tangible events and historical occurrences, intersects with internal time, associated with the poet's self-awareness and emotions. To achieve this complex temporal structure, Al-Hamdani skillfully employs a range of narrative techniques. He uses flashback to document human experiences, recall past events, and highlight their impact on the present. He also uses foreshadowing to express his inner self and allude to what the future may hold. Additionally, Al-Hamdani utilizes descriptive pauses and dialogue to slow down the narrative pace, highlight minute details, and showcase psychological and emotional conflicts. Conversely, he employs ellipsis and summary to accelerate the narrative pace, condensing long periods, thereby aiding in the delivery of focused and impactful ideas. These temporal techniques are clearly manifested in Al-Hamdani's poetry through his recollection of memories with his beloved and the events he witnessed in his homeland during the American occupation of Iraq, highlighting the organic relationship between time and the sense of belonging and identity

Abstract Narcissism is one of the poetic techniques in which the poet boasts about and glorifies his/her own people’s  merits and achievements. This style can be seen in most of Arab poets in different eras. Narcissism is classified into various kinds such as congenital, literary, political and religious narcissism and so the like. As it was liked a lot in the past, composing this style was very common. But it diminishes from Jahilid (Pre-Islamic times) to Islamic age and from the Omowian dynasty to the Abbasi dynasty by degrees. This poetic technique in the Mamloki period had less opportunity and it was during this period that literary narcissism emerged. The outstanding Egyptian poet Jamalladin Ibn Nubata living in the Mamloki period attempted this style. Although no part of his Diwan (collected poems of a poet) is allocated to narcissism. Most of his is literary narcissism in which he brags about his poems. In this essay descriptive methods have been used to analyze the concept of Ibn Nubata’s literary narcissism.