Arabic Literature

Abstract The ancient Greek heritage and especially the myths of that land have an active presence in contemporary Palestinian poetry and are considered one of the important instruments of that poetry. The myth of Icarus is one of the important myths that has attracted the attention of Palestinian poets. This myth, due to having a set of contradictory concepts in it, including captivity by the enemy, passion for flight, trying to overcome adverse conditions, ascensionism, desire for immortality on the one hand, and narcissism, false self-confidence, Paying attention to the advices of wise old man and the fall and failure on the other hand, provided this ground for the mentioned poets to take inspiration from that ancient experience and outline their wishes with a new look, considering the political and social conditions governing Palestine. and discuss their personal and non-personal experiences and convey their mental concepts to poetic audiences with a more artistic interpretation. In the light of the prominent presence of the myth of Icarus in contemporary Palestinian poetry and the important role of that mythical figure in conveying some concepts, the present research tries to reveal the reading of the myth of Icarus by contemporary Palestinian poets with a qualitative approach and descriptive-analytical method. The poets who were inspired by the above-mentioned myth in six songs are Ezzeddin Manasera, Samih Al-Qasim and Jabra Ibrahim Jabra. The investigation shows that the studied poets have involved the mythical character of Icarus more in the dark and dramatic atmosphere and that character is mainly responsible for bitter political and social experiences

Abstract Narratology is one of the branches of literary criticism that examines narratives. Vladimir Propp and after him Grimas have made studies in this field. Grimas believed that every story follows one of these narrative structures. 1- Contract (prohibition) - Violation - Punishment 2 - Lack of contract (irregularity) -Existence of contract (order). According to his theory, there are six roles or actors in all narratives, which are the subject, the target, the sender, the receiver, the helper, and the preventer. According to Grimas's theory, narrative propositions (descriptive, modal, transitive) and narrative chains (executive, contractual, disjunctive) can be seen in every story. Based on this, the current research tries to evaluate and criticize the novel Ajam written by the Iraqi writer "Senan Anton" based on the theory of Grimas with a qualitative approach and descriptive-analytical method. In this novel, one of the structures of Grimas's narrative, i.e., contract-violation-punishment, is observed, and the overall course of the story is from positive to negative. Also, in Ajam's novel, six roles or actors, narrative propositions and narrative chains of Grimas theory are clearly defined.

Abstract Research "Semantics of Place in the play of “kharej-al-serb”by Mohammed Al-magout" Using a descriptive-analytic method based on Farzan Sujoudi's theory, he has studied the layered element of the place and has examined how it is related to other symbolic levels. The semantic analysis of the place in the play is important in that respect that Based on this method one can examine the explicit and implicit function of the place element in identifying the hidden talents of the text and the secondary concepts related to the cultural, political and economic values of society. In addition, by presenting a new reading of the literary work, he expressed the influence of this element in explaining the possibilities of textual creation and by examining how it relates to other levels, it has played a role in shaping dramatic discourse. The purpose of this study is to explain the most important Symptoms of place and how they are organized, Describe the function of the cues mentioned in the formation of text encryption systems such as scene, personality, conflict and time. On the other hand, the impact of this system in place of the representations is described. The purpose of this study is to answer the following questions: How has the place code been linked to other markup levels? What characteristic and structural components do these passwords have in the aforementioned play? The results of this research indicate the   place is formed in the form of a cryptocurrency layer consisting of numerous surfaces and deep-level structures. This layer contributes objectively and abstractly to the creation of dramatic discourse and the representation of social cultural meanings, sometimes it manifests physically on stage, sometimes its objective function is weakened and its mental aspects is enhanced. It can be said that understanding and interpreting space as a semiotic process is possible by studying how it correlates and interacts with the branding layers in the play. There is interplay between location and other layers. On the one hand, Place explicitly and implicitly promotes surfaces such as decor, light, sound, and so on. On the other hand, those levels have a great impact on the organization and selection of Place components.
 

Abstract Nizār Qabbāni,the contemporary Syrian Poet (1923-1998), is known as the poet of woman in the field of poetry and have been mostly criticised from this poin of view. A detailed scrutiny of her works clearly illustrates that she has sensitively and emotionally reacted to insufficiencies of the Arab society and the incompetence of the rulers.Political and social issues have certainly been among her concerns.Nizār Qobbāni used sarcasm to harshly and bitterly challenged the inadequate policy  and statesmanship of Arab puppet rulers and exhaustion of Arabic culture and peoples' narrow-mindedness.Sarcasm is one of the expressive techniques Nizār Qabbāni has used in portrating his mental concepts. This can be very vividly seen in her political famous work called “Hawâmish Ala Daftar al_Naksah”. This study attempts to, with a descriptive-analytical approach,explore the role of this techniques. The result is that the use of this technique has had a profound effect in the poet's prominent language and her audience to get the intended concepts. In addition the coincidence of poet's bitter language with Arab bitter defeat in 1967 war,has made a kind of harmony and coordination of content and vocabulary and poetic compositions,which has attracted specific audiences such as literary critics