Arabic Literature

Abstract Dystopia or Viranshahr is a narrative of a sinister and evil society. This term contrasts with utopia or Armanshahr that poets and writers have been dreaming of for a long time. According to the general belief, the predominance of filth in human society and the increase of social and cultural problems can be called dystopia. The concept of destruction has a close relationship with Arab societies and recently a number of poets and writers have depicted it in their works. The Booker Prize-winning Arabic novel "Gange dovome sagh" (Harb al-Kalb al-Thaniyyah) is a science fiction work written by Ibrahim Nasrallah. In this novel, by rotating concepts and with the help of imagination, instead of depicting a country that is a victim of Zionism, he takes the criticism towards his own society and creates a world that creates a disaster. Narrating the future decaying cities, this novel depicts the differences within a collapsing and occupied society in which technology has made significant advances; But these developments ultimately cause pollution and a fallen and ruined city that leads to the destruction of mankind. The present study, with an analytical-descriptive approach, examines the most obvious dystopian elements in this novel and seeks to discover the reasons for its appearance. As a result, we will see that the crazy progress of technology and mechanization of man, the extravagance of modern man and the degeneration of high human qualities are the most important reasons for the emergence of this ruined city, which by depicting an imaginary and nameless city, drawing and criticizing a negative society, The rotation and stagnation of time and space, the disintegration of identity, etc. are reflected in the novel.
 

Abstract Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is one of the new trends in linguistic studies that examines language with a social function and implies the reproduction of social and political hegemony in the context of the text. The editorials of Abdulbari Atwan, a contemporary Palestinian journalist (1950), are one of the manifestations of the resistance discourse, which is dedicated to his protest and revelations against the Zionist regime and the arrogance front, and he tried to represent the ideologies of the fighting nations and their resistance at different linguistic levels. Theon Van Dijk (1998), one of the prominent theorists in the field of critical discourse analysis, emphasized that the speaker's worldview (ideology) can be represented in language; It expresses the theory of ideological square to analyze the linguistic dimensions of a text in macro construction.The current research aims to investigate the media discourse of Abdul Bari Atwan in the framework of Van Dyke's socio-cognitive model (1943) with descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the research show that Atwan's media discourse is a social action against the political-social situation of occupied Palestine and West Asian issues. The dominant ideology in Atvan's editorials is the ideology of resistance, which is established by being included in the media discourse. The final function of Atvan's verbal statements is to emphasize the positive points of the self (front of resistance) in opposition to other negative points (front of arrogance) and this is in line with the general strategy of producing Van Dyck's social-cognitive discourse method; Therefore, the approach of critical discourse analysis is the most specific linguistic tool to investigate the discourse of resistance

Abstract Literary semiotics is a new method of literary criticism that examines the role of linguistic signs in the creation of poetic themes and manifests its internal actions by exploring the secondary layers of the text and represents the main meaning and purpose of the poet. Pierce is one of the most famous semiotic theorists who, by presenting a three-dimensional model for the sign, created a great change in this science and provided the ground for criticizing the semantic structure of literary works. The concept of sign in this model arises from the relationship between its three components, namely representation, interpretation and subject. Signs in Pierce's theory consist of a chain of causes and effects that are governed by a kind of cause and effect relationship. The new poetry is completely different from the old one in terms of structure and content, and instead of explicitly expressing the themes of his poetry, the poet uses virtual language and linguistic symbols and indirectly expresses the purposes of his poetry. Suleiman Al-Issi is a famous Syrian poet and one of the poets of modernity whose most important and frequent subject of his poetry is patriotism due to his committed tendency towards the literature and thoughts of nationalism. Considering that Suleiman Al-Issi also uses covert and indirect language to express his literary messages and uses language signs, the present study based on Pierce's theory tries to analyze the signs related to the concept of homeland and to critique the role of secrets in the construction of signs. The concept of homeland in Al-Issi's poetry is not limited to his country, Syria, but includes the entire Arab world. From the results of the research, it can be pointed out that the signs of patriotism in the poems of Suleiman Al-Issi have been produced in the form of cryptographic structures of the creator of the work, aesthetics, space, time and intertextuality. Through the correct aArrangement of explicit meanings together and within the context of the text, he expresses the implicit meanings of the concept of homeland in imaginative language, thereby guiding the reader's mind from the surface of speech to the deepest layers of the text and by this, he has recited the secondary intentions behind words and the phrases of his poetry. Therefore, in this way, it gives sensory and tangible effects to abstract concepts. Hence, Al-Issi can be considered one of the best poets in the Arab world in using abstract concepts in an eloquent, effective and at the same time believable format that can impress any reader. He develops readers’ minds to feel the poetry more easily and sympathize with it.

Abstract Harmonizing text and image to produce a meaningful and purposeful text is a discourse process and, thus, a social and cultural one. This social practice is of great importance and value in children stories—and generally children literature—as, for children, it does not merely operate at a socio-cultural level but at an intercultural one. This is the case because children’s speed of image processing and decoding is greater than their speed of processing linear texts. Al-Qandil Al-Saqir is one of the best short stories by Ghassan Kanfani, an author of Palestinian resistance literature, which employs a multi-faceted discourse to instill the concepts of ideology, value, and resistance in Palestinian children who need to be educated. Kanafani has fully understood that Palestinian children, as those who make the future of their homeland, have an important mission to accomplish, namely liberation from the domination of the Zionists. So, encoding the reality is the most prominent characteristic of his story. He is also aware of the ability of temporal, spatial and visual signs, as factors which are complementary to meaning, in consolidating the text, catching the child’s attention, and conveying the message of the text. The story brings a number of questions to mind: How can social semiotics, as a new tendency, be utilized to discover the underlying layers of meaning and discourse analysis in the text and illustrations of the story? What kind of linguistic processes are used by the author to express the bitter experiences of Palestinian children in a better way? What kind of textual coherence is used by the author in order to better define these experiences? This descriptive, analytical study employs a social semantic approach to analyze Kanafani’s short story. This analysis is expected to answer the above questions in order to provide a new reading of the story.

Abstract Ahmad waeli is one of the Iraqi and Shiite contemporary poets in the Field of religious poem.In This Type Of poem, he has been able to set a strong link between the Virtues of  Ahl-e-Beit (Peace be uPon them) and  political, social and cultural conditions prevailing his era. His religion poem is accompanied with wisdom and temperance. Further, his religious poem shows his strong emotion, belief and will to try to achieve Valuable Islamic aims. HE not only states difficulties and challenges exist in Islamic Society, But also calls the People for insight, awareness, constancy and battling tyranny and exploitation. Islamic- Shiite nobleness and avoiding of westernism and dispersion are waeli’s evident properties of thought. Using strong sermonic structures, paying attention to mental, belief, needs and present willings of Moslems are evideut charaetristics of his relious poem.