Arabic Literature

Abstract Critical discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary method that seeks to uncover concealed power dynamics, dominance, social inequalities, and ideological processes through language analysis, focusing on structures beyond individual sentences. Within this field, van Leeuwen's (2008) framework is a fundamental approach that emphasizes the role of social actors in manifesting underlying discourses. This framework comprises two main components: exclusion and inclusion, each encompassing various subcategories. Lutfia Al Dulaimi's "Women of Saturn" is a renowned literary work by the contemporary Iraqi writer, exploring political and social issues in Iraq over recent decades. This descriptive-analytical study examines the novel using van Leeuwen's framework's sociocognitive and semiotic aspects to illustrate how the author presents her ideology by introducing the novel's characters. The findings of this study indicate that the representation of social actors in "Women of Saturn" is influenced by Al Dulaimi's intellectual and social perspectives. In the novel, women are portrayed as active and dynamic agents, while male figures are depicted as passive and negatively valued, reflecting Al Dulaimi's feminist ideologies. Furthermore, the Baath Party, American forces, and Takfiri groups are represented as active agents due to their extensive crimes against the Iraqi people and their significant role within the tumultuous Iraqi context.

Abstract The symmetry of pronunciation and meaning is one of the techniques that the Paris school of semiotics addressed, and by Joseph Curtis, a French theorist, in the aspects of illustrating the hidden and inner parts of speech and poetry texts, which make words the way to reach meaning.  Therefore, among the reasons for choosing Diwan's «Harf Men Ma'a, Qhessatah Hobben Tawila» by Adeeb Kamal Ad_Deen, an Iraqi letter poet, for Curtis's pronunciation theory, in this research, is the depth of meaning hidden behind his words, which is the texture of his tone. The application of the semiotics of this divan was done by using descriptive analytical approach. which were considered the three divisions presented by Curtis «time, place, and characters», to the topics of poetic discourse and divisions. Pronunciation and pronunciation, and its superficial and deep level should be determined. The results indicated that most of the poems of Adib Kamal Ad_Deen have the combined power of discourse, which can have that deep level of meaning even with the presence of one letter and one or two lines in each part of the poem. Despite the brevity and brevity of the words, full of tenderness and simplicity, in order to reach those depths of meaning and strong meaning, but are full of beautiful interpretations. Also, this research found that the selected verses, as analytical examples, have those advanced attributes that Curtis considered in the vocabulary section, these semantic necessities were revealed during the intersection of the verses

Abstract Narrative perspective is the point of view from which a story is narrated, and it is one of the central elements examined in the analysis of narrative texts. The comprehensive and organized model established by Boris Uspensky and Roger Fowler to investigate the viewing angle is one of this discipline's most important analytical techniques. Using linguistic methods, this model, which has four sections (temporal, spatial, psychological, and ideological), investigates the narrator's role throughout the narrative. This descriptive-analytical study investigates the narrator's viewpoint on the above four levels in "Ya Maryam" by Sinan Antoon, one of the contemporary Iraqi authors. According to this research, Ya Maryam has multiple storylines. The first-person and the omniscient third-person point of view, the internal point of view, are employed to explain the characters' thoughts and feelings. According to ideological studies, Antoon tries to clarify the rights of Christianity and condemn the current position of Christians. In the form of the narrative's central characters, he tells the face of Iraqi Christians who move due to insecurity and injustice.

Abstract In Bourdieu’s view, social world is based on difference, and difference is manifested in structural concepts such as social space, field, class, capital and also in practice concepts like habitus, actions within field, taste and preference. Usually such fields as art, literature, and culture are rich representations of society, the analysis of which will result in understanding society. Therefore, understanding literary texts, for example, through Bourdieu’s approach will show ways of difference in societies. Al-Las va al-Kilab is one of Najib Mahfuz’s symbolic novels that is suitable to be investigated using the above-mentioned concepts as the novelist, considering concepts such as religion, culture, society and class, deals with social and political status of society of Egypt and criticizes the dominant injustice. The novel narrates limitations and specific conditions that are dependent on a vast and complicated set of personal and social necessities. Within sociological criticism and using Bourdieu’s theory, that this research examines the novel Al-Las va al-Kilab from a sociological perspective and with an analytical approach.the study tried to investigate and show manifestations of difference in Al-Nas va al-Kilab represented in concepts of habitus, field, capital, social space and social classes, taste and preference. The results of the study showed that the novelist highlights a kind of cultural and class difference based on habitus and capitals of characters in different fields by examining the role of characters in social structures, so that characters in different fields and based of their habitus and according to their capitals, taste and their position and social classes in social spaces, show different manifestations of difference.