Arabic Literature

Abstract Sociology is a science that studies human societies and how they are affected by events. The relationship between literature and society is a reciprocal one in which literature is influenced by society and vice versa. The sociology of literature has undergone many changes since its inception and one of the theories that has contributed to this transformation is theories (Lucien Goldman's developmental structuralism). There are many writers who paid attention to their societies and its events, and the Omani writer Hamad al-Mukhinī did not shy away from the issues of his society, but addressed them in his texts. The present study, following the critique of the developmental structuralism of the story "Abur sekak Al-hāra wa nāī fī jabī", has adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and examine the components of this theory in the story. The most important axes that the research reached results in, including: The story worldview is revealed through the possible consciousness of the narrator/young person, in a way, he was pursuing his dream and realizing it, although he had opponents in this way. In addition to the issues that the author has considered in the course of the story, Social customs and traditions affecting the behavior of social groups, domestic violence Or father against wife and child and superstitions.

Abstract Montage is one of the techniques which modern novelists borrowed from cinema. This technique depicts the scenes of novel in a specific order to affect the mentality of the reader and to show the association of thoughts by cutting from one scene to another. Creating concepts using association, fundamental changes in temporal and spatial continuity, displaying the events in specific dimensions of place and time, activating the reader’s mind and involving them in the creation of events, and manifesting concepts by highlighting a new form of reality are achieved only through the technique of montage. The article studies Sinan Anton’s novel I’jaam, which employs stream of consciousness, based on theories of the well-known Russian directorSergei Eisenstein. We focus on stream of consciousness because it reveals the true essence of characters. To make stream of consciousness possible, cinematic innovations such as montage can be used. In this article, we first introduce Sinan Anton and his ideas on conflicting scenes and then discuss different kinds of montage which, according to Eisenstein, are linear montage, rhythmic montage, musical montage, and mental montage, as reflected in the Iraqi writer’s novel. Eisenstein asserts that each sequence should be made up of conflicting scenes and that each cut should highlight a conflict between two scenes. We argue that in I’jaam Sinan Anton uses cinematic montage to show his ability of introducing modern thoughts and ideas and to help the reader understand the novel well. Anton also uses these four types of montage to express the characters’ internal conflict through techniques such as cutting, moving, and close-up in order to give the characters a chance to resolve their conflicts. Moreover, through these techniques he adds to the dramatic tension, creates variety in images and brings the confusion and the psychical conflict of the characters to light.

Abstract Modern poetry comes to use narration and all literature technicalities. modern poetry is rooted from these elements to make the text flexible and open to new ideas. For expressing themselves, the poets  have used prose poem which is based on narrative and it's techniques. Habib al-sāmer, an Iraqi poet, is one of the poets who have utilized narrative elements in their poems. This study is an attempt to sift narrative structure in this ode and to explain the effect of this structure in reaching the technical depth of inductive point. Too, we worked on the narrative structure in this ode by zooming on a group of elements that formed the narrative text structure. That is reachable through narrative shows which can be found in Cronotopy atmosphere, personification, polyphony, narrator, and incident, and explanation, cinematic pick. At the end we concluded that our poet in this special ode went beyond poetic formats and took a narrative language based on interpretation. He used these narrative elements to create an open text based on other literary genres for expressing thought and sense. Also, he used a modern method in line with modern time and its thought and technical changes.

Abstract Motif is a literary device that is usually used to enrich a text. It has not only to do with any recurring element within a literary work but with the creation of certain effects on the reader. The contemporary Iraqi poet, Yahya Samavi, has used motif not only as a decorative device but as a means to convey ideas dominant in his poetry. One of these dominant motives which reflect his life and mood has to do with the recurrent of charismatic characters who own extraordinary characteristics. This motif which plays a significant role in his poetry deviates from its ordinary function to develop new meaning and point of view.  In this descriptive study which focuses on characters from history and their reflexes in the Samavi's poetry, characters such as Moatasem, Salah al-Din al-Ayyoobi, and Reghal, and characters from Islam such as Imam Hossein and Abi Dzar al-Ghefari are emphasized. And the poet has found a great power in bringing about these characters to enrich his feelings and images in his works. These well-known charismatic characters are the embodiment of the poet’s feelings and thoughts, concerning the problems of Islamic, Arab world. Samavi perseveres to encourage his addressee to be strong in will, to be patient and to show resistance.