Arabic Literature

Abstract The theory of text worlds is a model of human linguistic processing that not only studies the entire text but also examines the contexts surrounding the production and interpretation of the text. The main assumption of this theory is that humans process and understand discourse through mental representations. This theory is comprised of the discourse world, text worlds with two components (world-building elements and function-advancing propositions),  and sub-worlds, which themselves consist of deictic,  attitudinal, and epistemic sub-worlds. The purpose of the present study is to identify the constructive elements of the poem "Al-Khayul" by the Egyptian poet Amal Dunqul, who is known as the "Prince of Denial Poets," based on a descriptive-analytical method and the theoretical approach of Paul Werth's text world theory and its complementary theory by Stock well and Gavins. The research findings indicate that in the discourse world, the tenor of the poem is accompanied by a type of mockery and contradiction, and the mode of discourse is biting and reproachful. In the context of text worlds, the world-building elements are character and object, specifically the horse, and the time primarily operates in the past and present. Regarding the function-advancing propositions, the micro-worlds are embedded within a macro-world, accompanied by commands and orders, and no type of disjunction is observed in these worlds. The referential sub-worlds initially focus on the past and then shift to the present, the attitudinal sub-world's frequency is towards goals, and the epistemic world does not manifest significantly

Abstract Predictive literature is the literature study literary texts that predict an event from adventures at future and it may be satisfying or upsetting. These texts were originally about religious rites, but then it found its place in literature and especially in resistance literature. Resistance literature uses different methods to get a few steps closer to its purposes, among these methods is to look to the future and predict a better tomorrow in the shadow of which the aspirations of the resistance movement will be fulfilled. Samih Al-qasem and Abullah Pashiv have poems in which they predict bright future and full of hope for resistance movement because next generations will emerge and decide a new destiny. Due to the current miserable situation, the tow poets have been disappointed by past generations and find themselves lost in future generations, a generation that keeps hope alive in the hearts and announces beautiful days. In this article we have selected three books of poetry books of tow poets that entitled "Aghani-aldorub", "Eram","Fi entezar taer alrad" by Samih Al-qasem and "12 wane bo mnalan", "bruska chandn", "brakwji" by Abullah Pashiv then examined the descriptive-analytical descriptions of their homogeneities in this predictive perspective. Among the results obtained, the tow poets predict a better tomorrow on that day future generations will fulfill the aspirations of the nation and the poet. This prediction and Forethought is the important part of the poetic style of the tow poets and through it, they show their literary and technical abilities

Abstract Semantics deals with studying the meaning and historical-descriptive semantics is one of the important and most common disciplines in this science. One of the ways to find the exact meanings of a word in the historical-descriptive semantics is using the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations within the linguistic structure. This method is based on the structuralism theory. Undoubtedly, the application of this method plays a major role in the study and understanding Qur'an, which has complex semantic layers. The present study aims at identify and introduce the meaning of »Ḥamim« in the semantic system of the Holy Quran and has tried to study the role of the syntagmatic and paradigmatic vocabulary in identifying the meaning of »Ḥamim«. Therefore, the main question of the present study is, which of the syntagmatic and paradigmatic words of »Ḥamim« give the most help to heuristically discover the meaning of this word and what are the most important semantic components of the term as necessary and sufficient conditions? The results of this paper have shown that the most important semantic components of the term »Ḥamim «are punishment, fluidity, pain and harshness, melting, fatalities, elimination of body parts, and extreme heat. Also, the term Ḥ»amim« on the syntagmatic axis has semantic relationship with verbal lexemes of “Sabba (صَبّ)”, “Zᾱqa (ذاقَ)”, “saqᾱ (سَقَی)”, “Qata’a (قطع)”, “Saḥaba (سحب)”, and “sahira (صهر)” and nominal terms of “Mᾱ (ماء)”, “ghssᾱq (غسّاق)”, “Samūm (سموم)”, “Azᾱb (عذاب)”, and on the paradigmatic axis with the words “Azᾱb (عذاب)”, “ᾱniyah (آنیة)”, and “Nᾱr (نار)”. , most of the verses which use “Ḥamim” dedicated to the semantic domain of Azab (torment), Kᾱfirᾱn (infidels), Mūnkirᾱn (deniers), and those who hated of religion.

Abstract the music is an essential element of poetry and is one of the most prominent techniques used by poets in the construction of their poems, from here, this research examines this element in the poems of Nizar Qabbani, based on descriptive-analytical method. We studied the rhythmic phenomena on both aspect: the first is what is called external music, where we analyzed scansions and rhymes and we understood that the poet invested the rhythm of the “Kamil” meter, and he have been published many of his technical experiences in this metre; because it is one of the most poetic lyric poetry. It has also become clear that the absolute rhymes - rhymes connected to soft character- are predominant on the restricted rhymes and it was characterized with the voices (Alif, Vav and Ya) which are the most appropriate sounds for the purpose of description and singing. The results indicate that the implication was used only for the purpose of organic unity and the unity of the psychological atmosphere and he also resorted to repetition technique to enhance the rhythmic structure of his poetic texts but the main purpose of intellectual music is creating a kind of invention and innovation.