Arabic Literature

Abstract Abstract:
The violence stemming from war endures over time within society, and its impacts are reflected in artistic works in various forms. This violence, as a suppressive element within power relations, reveals the two contrasting faces of the dominant and the submissive. The novel "The Virgin of Sinjar" by Ward Badr al-Salem addresses the genocide of the Yazidis in 2014 by ISIS and is recognized as one of the first literary efforts to depict the situation of the Yazidis in this genocide. The extent of violence and assaults against the Yazidis became the central theme for several Arab novelists.
Using a descriptive-analytical method, this research represents and analyzes the various dimensions of ISIS's violence against the Yazidis from the perspective of Slavoj Žižek, aiming to show how different layers of violence are represented in the novel "The Virgin of Sinjar". Žižek emphasizes the hidden aspects of violence and considers explicit violence to be the result of hidden violence. Structural, ideological, and cultural violence are among the hidden dimensions that can lead to explicit violence.
The research illustrates that ISIS, with religious justifications and the philosophy of "the end justifies the means," exercises proactive violence, which is the result of the interaction of reactive and systemic violence. Using mythical violence, ISIS establishes its desired order and commits numerous atrocities. Žižek's theory demonstrates that ISIS's violence is a function of the systemic violence stemming from global capitalism and complex social, economic, and political interactions.

Abstract  Identity refers to the set of attitudes, characteristics and attitudes that distinguish a person from others. Adapting the discourse governing the novel with the principles proposed in the theories of discourse analysis is a way to understand the social and cultural impact of the ideologies ruling in a society on the formation of identity among its people. In the current research, the issue of identity in the novel "The Survivor" by Anaam Kachachi is investigated based on the theory of "Norman Fairclough" and by the method of critical discourse analysis. The findings of the research indicate that the discourse governing this novel was influenced by Kachachi's religious and family background, and on the other hand, it was formed based on the representation of the political, social and cultural conditions of the author's society in the second half of the 20th century. Through the character of Taj Al-Moluk, Kachachi aims to transform women's protest from a purely gender issue or a union issue into a political-social issue and to criticize the burdensome taboos of women. The author introduces the story of an example of a successful woman from the language of the first person and further points out the impact of the presence of these women in the society on the girls of the new generation of Iraq and their entry into the political scene. Meanwhile, the national identity due to the forced migration of the novel's characters from their homeland, and parallel to that, the gender identity affected by the author's ideology, among other types of identity, are the most prominent in the novel. According to the identity theory of Marcia Taj-al-Moluk, the main character of the story has a successful identity and Vodiyan has an early identity, and Mansour is on the border between late and successful identity.

Abstract Collocation is one of the means of semantics that can be used in order to study the meaning exactly by conversation’s analysts. Collocation means the current other words line collocation is related to possibility of occurring of the units abreast for creating extensive units. According, semanticists find the meaning of one word with collocated words, so they find more exact meaning of more extensive units like the sentence and the text.One of the important subjects in holy Quran is" justice "that Allah paid this subject and he has thought mankind it legs in populous verses; according to this populous verses and also for its position and importance in human society, it must be studied exactly.however in this basis yet many researches were done, but in order to attain an exact meaning of justice in holly Quran, it is better that we use getable means in semantics, therefore we decided to study some of the verses of justice in Quran as result, at the end of discourse, we find that justice is one of the important subjects in society and Allah also has affirmed on it. Allah asks that be livers to endowed to this attribute and to be diligent for its execution and the execution of justice is also depended on fidelity to right, inhibiting the factionalism and avoiding some behaviors like violating the other’ s right and etc.It is noticeable that the justice is contain, the formative justice and social justice with different types of justice such as family, judicial, military justice and …. In this essay, our chosen verses include some verses about social justice that they are searchable in judicial justice.In order to introduce the verse that are stated in four verses briefly, in this essay, the meaning of verse and the dotted meaning of word is mentioned, then meaningful collocations that are related to purpose of verse will be studied.

Abstract From the formalists' viewpoint, verbal repetitions and the way they are used in the structure of artistic and aesthetic poetic texts have a great effect on the prominence of words. In literary texts, choosing the right words, the type of arrangement in the sentence, how words relate to each other in word structure, Pay attention to the sounds and music hidden in the letters that make up them it is effective in creating music and creating a harmonious atmosphere in literary texts. Repetition in new Arabic poetry has its particular form and structure and it is displayed at different levels of speech including the repetition of letters, vocabulary, sentences. The way these repetitions are placed in the texture of an ode shapes different forms in the structure of repetitions in the architecture of the ode which the  has a strong relationship  with the content of poetry and the poetic experience of the poet and is considered as an important foundation in appearing phonemic balance and melody of speech. This article aims at scrutinizing geometric repetitions in the poetry of Amal Donqol via analytic. Descriptive method. In Donqol's poem one can encounter different kinds of scholarly technical and with certain objectives. In a way that syntactic semantic cohesion of Donqol's odes is to a great extent. Based on geometric repetitions. Repetition in Donqol's poems aims at developing meaning, emphasis and stabilizing the message in the mind of the addressee, picturing and high lighting the concepts meant by the poet.

Abstract Michael Rifatter’s semiotics is one of the approaches of literary criticism of the contemporary era. It offers a coherent framework for critique and analysis of poetry. The bases of this theory are the discovery of the semantic network of poetry based on interpretation according to the reader’s literary ability and trying to discover the origin of the text by passing from heuristic reading to interpretive reading. This study tries to analyze the semiotic processes of Saadi Yousef’s poem “Khoz Vardat al­-Salje Khoz al-Kairouaniat” based on Rifatter’s semiotic theory in order to reach the hidden layers of the text. The heuristic reading of this poem expresses the dramatic story of the poet’s grieving soul as he is on a train which journeys to distant lands and takes him farther away from his homeland. But the retroactive reading of the poem shows that it has five accumulations and a descriptive system. By going from the quote level (appearance) to the higher level, by finding the codes in the poem as well as the ungrammaticalities and semiotics for each of them, the authors have found explanation for the main subject (hypogram) and the effect of the semantic structure of the text (matrix). The analysis of this poem shows that it is the product of expanding several matrices such as despair and sorrow, exile and homesickness, love for the homeland, oppression and repression, domination of foreigners over the poet’s homeland, invitation to fighting back, portraying the plundered Iraq, and disappointment with the present situation.

Abstract The "dream" is a basic and important idiom in Arabic modern poetry and literary criticism. This idiom, influenced by Sufism or some western schools, made significant changes in the principles of writing modern Arabic poetry. Thus, the Arabic modern poet did not use the previous structures and old frameworks of poetry but sought new ways to create a new language in modern poetry. Among the Arab modern poets, Adonis tries to apply methods of dreamy writing in his works. This article is written based on analytical-descriptive method and aims to introduce the idiom of dream in the literary criticism. It also specifies the techniques of dreamy writing in poetry of Adonis. It concludes that he uses techniques of dreamy writing for example: breaking the grammatical norms including breaking the sign of ascribe, deletion of conjunctions, as well as indetermination of pronoun references. He also uses paradoxical images, defamiliarization in images, and implements practices in text interpretation such as ignorance of words definitions, incomplete sentences, and absence of subject. According to this, it can be concluded firstly that the idiom of "dream" caused a lot of changes in the definition of poetry and in the use of technical equipment in new poetry language, especially in the poems of Adonis. Second, Adonis approached the legacy of Sophism and Sufi writing style by applying new writing practices. Thirdly, he is the only contemporary critic that considers features for dream as: invisibility, ambiguity and infinity; and provides a comprehensive definition of it. Fourth, according to Adonis definition, the idiom of "dream" is different from the Sufism idiom of "observation", because it's not just seeing and viewing and the poet at a higher level interferes and manipulates the concepts. And the last point is that Adonis could, with using these techniques, approach to dreamy writing.

Abstract repetition is the basic fundamentals of inside music in poetry. repetition in poetry is emphasis on certain phrases of poetry that poet attent more than any other words and phrases and hence contains Special musical and conceptual implications. In this paper we describe the analytical method, repeating pattern in Badavi al-Jabal poetry as one of the elements inside music. In the study of repetition methods determined that types of replication in his poetry, is closely associated with images and implications  and source  of motivate audience's emotions  and repeating in his poetry is inextricably linked with the sense of overall space and serves internal system poem. Poet by musical repeating reconstructs some of his poetry images as it implies a double  meaning poetry Badavi al-Jabal Using repeated addition of musical creation accumulated emotions of our own conscience reveals and serverd rhythm of speech In line with itsand  thus affects the lives and hearts of the audience.