Arabic Literature

Abstract Language is present in all areas of human societies and has long been the organizer of human relations at all levels of human life and the basis for the formation of relationships, reflecting the beliefs, views and experiences of human beings. Critical discourse analysis, which developed in the context of sociological ideas, has a social approach to language. The present article, based on Van Dijk's socio-cognitive Analysis Discourse method, deals with the discourse of exploring the poem"Al-arz,va Al-Jorh Allazi la yonfatah " by Amal Danqol, a poet committed to the Arab society.This research uses ideological square elements, a satisfied discourse ode. Considers social and considers it as a social structure and seeks to discover social inequality and the negative points of the dominant discourse and how to redefine the meanings and the content of the audience and explain the poet's ideology.considers the text of the poem as a socio-political discourse and considers it as a social structure that creates its own discourse through the superstructure elements of language and attention to the context of the dominant discourse in society. Redefining the meanings and contentment of the audience and explaining the ideology. He considers the literary work as a kind of action that is socially formed and instead of considering it as a kind of ideal and aesthetic harmony, he considers it as an example of a variable literary institution which is marked by words, indexing, syntactic constructions, rhetorical applications including metaphor and metaphor, engages in polarization and breaks the hegemony of the dominant discourse, thereby reflecting the unequal distribution of power in current society. As a result, it became clear that in this poem, the poet relies more on alienation to show the face of Israel and other colonialists and internal enemies (the Arab ruler) to the people of his society and to institutionalize the ideology of struggle in the minds of the audience. he tries to focus the audience on the reality and the world that exists, not the world that the poet wants to create

Abstract Brid al-Layl is the narration of exposing and undressing  the intellectual rumination of characters whose unhealthy social and insanitary cultural conditions of their surroundings, as well as the gaps in it, have underlied  the appearance of multiple psychoses in their existence. Hoda Barakat, the author of the novel, pays great attention to creating of the thoughts of these characters, as well as their individual and interpersonal actions, That Reveals the necessity of doing a research with psychological approach. In the forthcoming research that has been written by analyzing content method and ways, we want to use the same method disclose The set of factors involved in creation Schema domains of Disconnection and Rejection and his early maladaptive schemas into first character created in this novel. Then we want to analyze schemas of his mind and coping style using for encountering this schemas and difficulties that occurred as a result of conflict of this schemas and coping styles. Results of this analysis show that: writer of this novel chose the suitable subject for showing manner of Occurrence and happening schema domain of Rejection, character with suppressed kind feeling and emotions that was left in childhood and lived alone with many psychological problems and difficulties. This situation cause schemas Abandonment occupy most of his mind state. Also copying of his mother behavior encourage him to use more coping styles Extreme Schema Compensation for contrasting with his schemas. Although in adulthood the situation was provided for him to receive affection and attention but cognitive distortion inhibit betterment of his schemas. The collection of this schemas and coping styles cause problem in cognitive, emotional and intra persons approach and lead to problems and form and bring abnormal and unusual thoughts and feelings in his mind and inhibit building a correct relationship with other people.

Abstract Syntactic deviation is one of the techniques employed to enhance a literary text, because it derives from the poet’s intentional non-compliance with morphological or syntactic rules to achieve certain goals. Using this technique leads to eloquence of language so that it directs the reader’s attention to the text. Contemporary poets attempt to use this technique in their poetry to inspire the reader with new feelings and, disturbing the usual order of objects, they try to represent them in a brand new way. In this way, the modern Iraqi poet, Badr Shakir al-Sayyab—to whose literary genius contemporary Arabic poetry owes much—has devoted himself to the development of his poetic language and has evoked the reader’s contemplation on his poetry. In some cases, he offers a different language by breaking the norms and moving away from the prevailing principles of poetry. Under the influence of Western culture and literature, he had a critical look at the heritage of Arabic poetry and made a significant contribution to the development of Arabic poetic language. This research tries to examine the syntactic and rhetorical deviations of Sayab’s poems in a descriptive-analytical manner in order to elicit his techniques of defamiliarization and make the reader focus on the poet’s main intention and the hidden layers of his work. The results of the research demonstrate that hyperbaton, omission of letters and the use of new ones, conjunction and separation of words, and using far-fetched words are the most frequent examples of syntactic and rhetorical deviations in Sayyab’s poetry. Therefore, using such techniques, Sayyab gives his poetry a distinctive character so that the reader’s difficulty understanding his new form of expression and their sensual perception time are increased. The research also argues that the syntactic and rhetorical deviation is one of the aesthetic and stylistic qualities of all the free-verse poems of Sayyab.