Arabic Literature

Abstract Carnival, the dynamic center of joyful spirit of debate and libertarianism of people, always shows power in the face of the absolute thoughts, with its solubilization and making solutions. Literary representation of carnival tradition and the anti-ban spirit of folk festivals, later in the Caniavalesque literature in the form of several techniques such as parody, relativity and binary opposition, crowning/uncrowning, lower urban language, the Themes of Death and mask, and banquet imagery were manifested, each of which was an artistic carnivalized response to the spirit of one-sidedness and self-sufficiency of the authoritarian party. Bakhtin's narratology project in the analysis of Novel-tendent prose considers carniavalesque as the keyword of modern novel developments by emphasizing the exploratory method of this idea in beliefs constructed carnival. The importance of paying attention to carnivalesque literature from the perspective of Bakhtin's critical approach lies in its ability to study and re-read the strategies of these works in objectifying the Liberal tendency of anti-dogmatic modern narrative discourse. Relying on the method of descriptive-analytical research, by observing the examples of carnivalesque of the novel "The-Game-of-Forgetting" in the form of the above components, we try to measure the success of the Moroccan "Mohamed Berrada" in dialogizing his work and promoting the spirit of polyphonic democracy in Arabic novel writing. The study of the novel from the perspective of carnivalesque literature indicated That: Berrada, with methods appropriate to each of the components such as: desecration, degenerating the transcendent enumerated concepts, inversion and replacement of oppositions, refutation of perfectionism and pre-recognized bases of rulers; It overturns hierarchical norms and seemingly inviolable rank-oriented relations, and by emphasizing multipolarism, will centralize rejected discourses once again. It'll leads the audience to the status of subjectivity and knowing the state of polyphonic nature of the universe, in the shadow of democracy, and has ultimately made his novel a successful example of global carnivalesque literature with a local twist.

Abstract From the formalists' viewpoint, verbal repetitions and the way they are used in the structure of artistic and aesthetic poetic texts have a great effect on the prominence of words. In literary texts, choosing the right words, the type of arrangement in the sentence, how words relate to each other in word structure, Pay attention to the sounds and music hidden in the letters that make up them it is effective in creating music and creating a harmonious atmosphere in literary texts. Repetition in new Arabic poetry has its particular form and structure and it is displayed at different levels of speech including the repetition of letters, vocabulary, sentences. The way these repetitions are placed in the texture of an ode shapes different forms in the structure of repetitions in the architecture of the ode which the  has a strong relationship  with the content of poetry and the poetic experience of the poet and is considered as an important foundation in appearing phonemic balance and melody of speech. This article aims at scrutinizing geometric repetitions in the poetry of Amal Donqol via analytic. Descriptive method. In Donqol's poem one can encounter different kinds of scholarly technical and with certain objectives. In a way that syntactic semantic cohesion of Donqol's odes is to a great extent. Based on geometric repetitions. Repetition in Donqol's poems aims at developing meaning, emphasis and stabilizing the message in the mind of the addressee, picturing and high lighting the concepts meant by the poet.

Abstract The present article seeks to analyze the contents of an Arabic newspaper based on the linguistic principles of text and discourse. The importance and necessity of this work is that it explains and reveals the linguistic techniques that journalists use to engage in media warfare against a country. Since Iran is a regional power in the Middle East, the newspaper Asharq Al-Awsat was selected from a country with an opposing discourse, namely Saudi Arabia, to show the various forms of use of ideology in the press. Asharq Al-Awsat has the important feature (important to this study) of writing ideological news against Iran. So the texts studied in this article are deliberately selected from a newspaper whose hostility to Iran is clear, despite claims of neutrality. The reason for this choice is to be able to perform a precise analysis of a discourse against Iran. The purpose of the article is to analyze the semantic discourse constructs of Asharq Al-Awsat with the aim of explaining the representational patterns in it. To do so, the critical discourse analysis model of Theo Van Leeuwen is used, which discusses representation in political texts, and the selected texts are examined qualitatively. According to Van Leeuwen’s theories — according to, for instance, what he calls role allocation — several factors show the ideological interferences of the authors with the discourse structures of the text. In many case, this newspaper, through various textual and linguistic strategies such as identification and classification, represents Iran as an influential actor with negative performance. In all such cases, on the contrary, the authors have represented Saudi Arabia positively. Thus, the article argues that the primary strategy of the text on which its structural discourses are based is to portray the negative and interfering role of Iran in opposition to the positive activism of Saudi Arabia.

Abstract The most prominent literary characteristic of Ibrahim Nasrallah is the fact that he attempts to make unique works which attract readers and make them reflect on his poetry which has Palestine as its main theme; deviation from literary norms is considered as one of the tools consciously used by him to reach this goal. This study examines his poetry collection Green Wood in order to highlight the way his utilization of artistic methods and linguistic deviation, i.e. leaving the rules of standard language, provides him with a distinct poetic language which is able to consciously convey his ideas and feelings about Palestinians and express their pains artistically. The findings demonstrate that Nasrallah uses various ways to deviate from the common language in order to foreground his text. Reading the poems in the aforementioned collection affirms the fact that metaphor and hyperbaton are used by the poet more often than simile, synesthesia, and paradox and this shows his considerable attention to semantic deviation—a technique which he frequently uses in his works. This focus on semantic deviation demonstrates his power to create meanings for his ideas and feelings about Palestine and to present these thoughts and emotions to the reader. Furthermore, using new collocations and visual aspects of writing imply the power of his creative thought to visualize the meanings and transfer his concepts to the reader. Thus, in Green Wood, foregrounding and creation of new meanings by relying on linguistic tools lead to creation of dynamic speech and improvement of the literary value of the work; and while it makes the process of understanding of meaning lengthy, it makes readers distant from superficial understanding and involves them in a deep exploration for understanding substrata of meaning. So, semantic deviation plays a constructive role in this respect and as it has great influence on the reader.

Abstract

Abstract Different Symmetries Play a Role in Understanding the Meaning of a Sentence. Syntacticians have been aware of this Issue and have Used a Variety of Symmetries in their Analyses. When The Arabic Syntax Became Familiar with the Aristotelian logic and Received some Philosophical Issues, Most of the Syntacticians Focused Upon the Arabic Symmetry and Few Attentions were Directed Towards other Symmetries and this Led to the Idea of Naming the Science of Syntax as an Arabic Science. In the Current Era, Some People, by Considering this Issue, have Attempted to Find a New Analysis and Knowledge of Effective Symmetries in Understanding the Meaning. Tammam Hassan, by Presenting the Theory of Symmetric Correlation in Understanding Meaning, has Intended to Pay Attention to all Symmetries Without Considering any Differences Between Them. He Introduces Eight Verbal and Five Semantic Symmetries Which in an Integrated Way Convey the Meaning to the Readers/Audience. The Present Paper Attempts to Introduce this Theory and by Determining its Place in The Scientific Community Presents a New Approach in Examining the Text, an Approach Which Assigns a Role for all Symmetries in Understanding Meaning. This Theory is a Reflection of Different and Unorganized Symmetries in Syntactic Books Especially Hazem qartajanni and Abdolghaher Gorgani’s Ideas Which Enabled Tammam Hassan to Classify Them and Present his Own Ideas