Arabic Literature

Abstract One of the approaches of comparative literature and cultural studies is criticizing post colonialism which analyzes the impacts of colonialism in literary texts and deals with discovering post colonialist parameters in literature. Perhaps it could be say, post colonialism is one of topics that has caught critic’s attention even in 2001. Abdul karim nassif is contemporary capable Syrian writer who is unknown for Iranian readers. He has tried by authoring the book "Road to the sun: East –west" to place the issue of countering colonialism as your top priority. this writer presented consequence colonialism in Syria during the invasion by France. In addition to, He puts forward pensive ideas concerning land independence with safeguarding traditional values of the Arab world’s awakening a nation’s fight to gain freedom a parallel to romantic subject. The present research attempts to take a step in this critical domain to allocate postcolonial protagonists of the novel such as orientology, european-centeredness, the other and subaltern based on emphasis of descriptive-analytic method in this novel. The result shows that how the writer has been able to describe the colonial effects and consequences political, sociological and economical in the middle east, especially in syria by using postcolonial view using a multi-layered narrative and display the negative impacts and feedback of colonialism with the field of this approach and to play a role through reviving cultural and national traditions or sternghtening them. It could be say that the postcolonial protagonists orientology has considerable impact in this novel. As a matter of fact, by highlighting the manifestation of the eastas the post-colonialism and the element of location in this novel, the writer shows the confrontation of the two east and the west cultures on the hand, and on the other hand, with the presence of the protagonist in the east, he incites a kind of patriotism feeling in him.

Abstract The present study investigated the novel Druze of Belgrade in the shadow of cognitive semantics. This research aims at determining how cognitive semantics functions in polysemic analysis through investigating the meanings of some polysemic words in Arabic. Accordingly, ten words used in the novel with various meanings, were selected and after analysis of their meanings based on the Lakoff and Brugman’s theory survaing the validity of this theory were proved. This theory claims that polysemy is one of the fundamental features of the word and is the result of metaphorical extension of the prototype meaning of the word and is not the production of using word in a particular context. Moreover, it states that the metaphorical extension is the meaning of root prototype in the nature of man's relationship with the outside world and it has an experimental basis. The efficacy of considering the elements of this approach including visual schema, radial category and prototype was proved in finding the correct meaning of polysemic words in Arabic language that is a new step to further improve quality of translation.

Abstract

Abstract Irony is considered as a rhetorical device that is used more frequently than trope and metaphor. Consequently, in spite of all their disagreements in defining irony varieties over centuries, rhetoricians have made significant efforts and have left some conspicuous works about it. Al-Kashāf
Al-Zamakhshari commentary is the most well-known source of rhetorical interpretation that is referred to in understanding literary beauties and sublime meanings of the Quran. Due to the great importance of irony in Al-Kashāf commentary, this study intends to examine the concept of irony in this commentary, Al-Zamakhshari's innovations regarding irony, his approaches to express Quranic ironies, and the effects of Al-Zamakhshari's religious beliefs on the discussion of irony. The findings of this study reveal that it is Al-Zamakhshari who has proposed for the first time the difference between trope and irony, irony in single words, and the difference between irony and allusive proposition. Moreover, he has been the first one to use the direct and the indirect approaches to elucidate Quranic ironies. Finally, his Mutazilaist beliefs have had a great effect on his discussion of irony. That is to say, he has considered some of the ironic images of the Quran that has been contrary to the Mutazila principles to be trope, allegory, or imagery.

Abstract The western symbolism that characterized in France at the late nineteenth century invaded the Arabic modern literature and had great effect on development of its forms and genres especially on the theater. Actors arose in Arab world take principles of symbolism in their productions among them Ali Oqla Orsan who is truly master of writing, presenting and criticism of theater in Syria. His symbolic theaters include “al-Sheikh wa al-Tariq”, “Zowar al-Lail” and “Tahawolat Azef al-Nai”. In this research we try to analyze symbolic aspects of “Zowar al-Lail”. This theater tells us about psychological conflict that suffers Ahmad, hero of theater, and drags him to suicide for he was committed bad works to his beloved (Hend). She loved him and trusted in him but he leaved her alone before her achy fate. From this viewpoint we extracted the symbols and analyzed modality of its inspiration from its title and thought and then its characters, time and place. At the end and by reliance on technical method we conclude that Orsan in this theater and in its semantic employment, try to talk about human psychological conflict that arises with his sins during his life.

Abstract Complaint poetry is a natural expression of human grief, pain, dissatisfaction, or resentment arising from life’s different problems. Complaint poetry regarded as a kind of lyric poem in which the speaker faces the cruelty of a faithless lover or the advent of some misfortune like poverty, exile, injustice, in which the poet laments or protests or tells of those miseries. The complaint poetry considered as one of the old form of Arabic poetry. Death and Time, love and separation, imprisonment, aging, sickness and guilt and tragedies of life are regarded as the most important concerns of self-complaint in the first century of hegira. Complaint poetry in this century remained in extension of what was prevalent in the pre-Islamic poetry in terms of rhyme, form and poetic images. Nevertheless with the appearance of Islam, many aspects of life changed and this matter had a great impact on the viewpoint of the people; so that the complaint of poverty and death, and different problems of human life dropped. But on the other hand there have been a lot of complaint about the parting of sons and relatives who immigrated to different countries to spread Islam in other countries. The complaint poetry in the first century of hegira is characterized by the similarity of styles and overlapping of meanings and self-experiments while artistic and technical illustrations and images were different among poets.

Abstract Abd- Al Sami’ Ibn-Mohammad-Ali- Yazdi is one of the Lettered, jurists & poets of 13^th century (A.H) that has done valuable services to the Arabic Language and literature like so many other Iranian. So far, there are only a few biographical books in which he has been mentioned or introduced. Unfortunately he has been forgotten during the passage of time. Most of his writings are in Arabic and their subject is Arabic syntax. One of his most important writings is Al-Orwat Al-Wothqa poem which is in hundred and ten verses. Although this literary canon is unknown, but there exist three descriptions on it among the manuscripts. These descriptions reveal its importance. This paper will introduce this Iranian scientist and its canon and correct the manuscript.

Abstract In this paper, at first we reviewed the topics of literary modern criticism and psychological criticism and relationship between psychology and literature, paving the ground for the entry in the main topic. Then We critique the modernist novel «when we left the bridge» by Abdul Rahman Munif through archetypes put forward by psychologists and critics. In this paper criticism of the novel mentioned on the basis of these original models is: the self, the sage old man, the keeper of the threshold, the Prophet, the colored, the shade and the clown