Arabic Literature

Abstract Sociology is a science that studies human societies and how they are affected by events. The relationship between literature and society is a reciprocal one in which literature is influenced by society and vice versa. The sociology of literature has undergone many changes since its inception and one of the theories that has contributed to this transformation is theories (Lucien Goldman's developmental structuralism). There are many writers who paid attention to their societies and its events, and the Omani writer Hamad al-Mukhinī did not shy away from the issues of his society, but addressed them in his texts. The present study, following the critique of the developmental structuralism of the story "Abur sekak Al-hāra wa nāī fī jabī", has adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and examine the components of this theory in the story. The most important axes that the research reached results in, including: The story worldview is revealed through the possible consciousness of the narrator/young person, in a way, he was pursuing his dream and realizing it, although he had opponents in this way. In addition to the issues that the author has considered in the course of the story, Social customs and traditions affecting the behavior of social groups, domestic violence Or father against wife and child and superstitions.

Abstract Paradox is one of the most important rhetorical mechanisms that effectively takes part in composing the modern literary text. These texts may differ by the extent of using these mechanisms and their impact on constructing images that contradict the known reality, where the nature and the connotations of literary text seem inconceivable without understanding the concept of paradox and comprehending its occasional meaning and notions. Abbas Baydoun is considered one of the most prominent poets of the modern prose poem who made good use of figurative paradox in their texts. This research aims to study a “sour” collection. saturated with images of paradox, as they are the implications and images of the poet’s imagination about the city in which he was born and raised. This text is replete with types of deviations and verbal and pictorial paradoxes, and this group has been studied. According to the paradox of the situation and through Muecke’s criteria that divides it, to be an independent and useful study in this field. The descriptive-analytical method was adopted for this study for a comprehensive and accurate statement of all the images in this poetic collection. This study sought to address a number of topics that Baydoun used, such as the paradox of water, sea, city, stone and night.The research reached several results, including: Baydoun’s use in his poetry of many paradoxes of the situation, such as simple dissonance and the paradox of drama through a different and modern style, through smooth language and eloquent connotations. Also, Baydoun’s poetry was not devoid of the use of other rhetorical techniques such as displacement, which helped create connotations far from The reality of the pronunciation and the drawing of paintings in the sky of the imagination of the recipients of his poetry.

Abstract Greimas factor model is one of the basic components of Greimas propositions about the surface structure of the text. The factor model is based on three models of factors: essence/subject, sender/ addressee and helpen/opponent; And from these factors emerge three relationships. Julian Greimas uses the factor model in analyzing the concept of factor and highlighting the relationships that connect the text. Since the novel is classified in literary genres which embodies the image of man in the struggle against life and is an expressive space , the author uses it to convey his feelings and thoughts based on a set of harmonious elements. This study intends to examine the factor model in the novel Al-Sinbad Al-Aama written by Buthaina Al-Issa based on Greimas factor model and Structural method in the framework of critical research that considers personality. In this research, we intend to explore the text of this novel based on the factor model and deal with the characters and analyze the functions of the characters in the narrative body and focus on the main characters  through  their names and communications. They take place with other characters. The results of the research show that this novel goes through various stages that help to visualize it. There are elements of motivation, competence, achievement and punishment in the behavior of the characters of the novel, as well as factor roles in this novel appear in a significant way .Therefore, we were able to complete the narrative schema in this novel.

Abstract There are novels and stories hoarding literally inter-textuality which make the reader go back to traditional texts, to the author himself, or to other authors, especially when the author himself appears in the narrative text. This seems to be hard and the text should be studied according to the meta-narrative basis to discover what's before and after the text and also the meta-text and criticizing the narrative text. One of the Arab novelists that significantly focused on writing meta-narrative texts with its different levels is the Sudani's writer Amir Taj Alser especially in his two works: larvae hunter" and  "the weather" in which the incidents, characters, body, and themes are clear that the reader thinks these two are one novel or the second is completing the first. This study is based on inter-textual comparison between the two novels in order to discovery the meta-narration of narrators, intrigue and characters. While analyzing it appears that Amir Taj Alser was well informed of the meta-narrative text in his two novels. We mainly concluded that the novel " larvae hunter" is a pre-text and it is completed by the meta-narrative technique of the novel " the weather" as a way to connect the themes and structural models used in both novels. This is a descriptive analytical study and from the features of it is going back to the previous text as a comparative study or inter-textuality.