Arabic Literature

Abstract Diachronic semantics focuses on the change and development of words during a period of time. The change of Quranic words in pre- and post-Quranic eras helps scholars reread their denotations and connotations. One of the essential words in the Quran is “yagheen” which is frequent in the terminology of ideas such as God, man, the unseen world, and intuition. This article follows the change of this word from ancient Semitic up to the Abbasid era in order to find the exact meaning of this word in Quranic definition system. The article contends that Semitic borrowed “yagheen” from Greek through Aramaic. This word had a wide range of applications in Semitic, but upon entering Arabic, it was assigned a specific and developed meaning. Then, it took a religious background in the Quran and entered human’s ideologies and thoughts. This word primarily meant “image,” “like” and “similar” and then it changed into a verb meaning “to draw” and “to display.” It was semantically narrowed after entering Arabic, losing the meanings “similarity” and “image” and being used as “removal of doubt.” Moreover, it acquired new derivatives in Arabic, which can be interpreted as semantic widening. The examination of the poetry of the Age of Ignorance shows that this word was rarely used, being only utilized as meaning “much awareness” which of course led to doubt. According to the books on “Vojouh and Nazaer,” “yagheen” is used as meaning “to affirm,” “death,” “observation,” “science” and “verity” in the Quran. However, considering of the context of Quranic verses, it can be concluded that it has only one meaning in the Quran and that is “removal of doubt,” and that its other meanings are either the result of yagheen or its causes. This word is more commonly used in post-Quranic eras as in many Arabic poems in which it has a religious usage and is expressive of people’s worldview.

Abstract Newmark, contemporary linguist theorist, is dividing cultural elements to five categories, and he proposed 17 methods for translating of this elements. He tries to give better solutions to translators. The authors at this paper try with analytical-description method specifying the role at the cultural elements with emphasis of framework Newmark theory. They express, with presentation the schemes of these elements translation and with presentation the samples of those in translations Arabic to Persian, the role of the “organisations, customs, activities, procedures, concepts element” for Iranian translators. Thus, it is found that the Iranian translators used which schemes for transferring this element in their translations, and to what extend success in translation this element and correct transferring to destination language. The results show that despite of the “organisations, customs, activities, procedures and concept elements” encounter with political, religious, historical and artistic phrases and interpretations, but Iranian translators could transfer well using with “cultural equivalent”. Nevertheless using less important methods like “couplet” and “notes, additions and glosses” schemes cause ambiguity and weakness in their translations.

Abstract Contemporary   poetry   has  always  aimed  at  achieving  its  goal  in  reflecting  social  &  political  realities   and  awaring  people  and  encouraging  them  in  changes  which  lead  to  improvements  by (using & exploiting )  new  literary  techniques. Moreover ,  applying  symbols  as  one  of  the  literary  interpretation ,  is  the  most  salient  sample  of contemporary Arabic  poetries &  also  the most  audacious  approaches  of  contemporary  Arab  poets . Adonis  is  one  of  the  eminent  features  of  contemporary  Arab  poets  whose distinctive  feature  of  poetries  is  symbolism . Given  the expansion  of  Adonis 's  symbolic  language, this  article  addresses  the  natural  symbols  and  in addition  to  providing natural  phenomenon mostly used  in  Adonis's  poetries,  it  infends  to  achieve  new  results  of  analyzing  the  mentioned  symbols . The  obtained  outcome  reflects  the  fact  that  since  some  natural  elements  like  water , fire , stone , ………..  are paralleled  his  main  beliefs  and  thoughts , play  a preponderant  role  and  have  high  frequency .Herbal  and  animal  elements  are  at  the  next  steps , as  well . Semantic  common  ground  of  most  natural  symbols  are mobility,  movement  and  dynamism. Meanwhile, mostly  natural  and  herbal  elements  in  his  poetry, have  positive  aspects  and  just  some  of  the  animal  elements  like  spider  have  negative  aspect

Abstract The life of Ibn Hani can be divided into two parts: the first period under the Umayyad rule in Andalusia, where he spends nearly three decades of his life in his homeland in obscurity without referring scholars in his life to the poem or literary pieces, and the second period is in Moroccan area, proven in His Divan, after his sun has raised and shone commonly mentioned there.  The study in the poems of Ibn Hani guide us to a special module in epithets and descriptions of those been praised, it differs from the ordinary where poets entered the empty compliments and comparisons filled with exaggeration and sputter words to gain money and foremost  What is characterized by Ibn Hani from other poets are in religious faith and a strong political trends related to the Fatimid Imam attached automatically, and it seeks in the Fatimid Caliph and tells its staff believed the imamate al-Moez and praises him according to what he believes Ismailia from an ideological perspective stems from the doctrine of the faith. He sees the Caliph as an imam imposed obey him and described in terms of the description of religious history, governance and descent, and proud  his governors and leaders of the same idea.