Arabic Literature

Abstract Applying psychological theories in reading children's stories can bring new horizons to the audience and show the role of stories in improving the educational level of children. William Glaser's theory of choice is one of the new perspectives of psychology which with a realistic approach and with an emphasis on internal control, considers human behavior to be derived from his five internal needs. It means the need for survival, the need for love and belonging, the need for strength and progress, the need for freedom and the need for fun. Children identify with the characters in the story and try to imitate their behavior; therefore, the use of choice theory in the analysis of children's stories can discover new dimensions of the characters in the story and their behavior to satisfy their needs and provide the ground for writers to write in their works according to the needs of children and take an effective step in the direction of children's moral education. Therefore, in the current research, the authors try to answer the main question in a descriptive-analytical way and using the theory of choice, which of the basic needs of the mentioned theory has a more prominent appearance in the story "Princess of the Golden Palace" by Mohammad Atiya Al-Ibrashi and what behaviors do the characters of the story choose against their needs. The results of the research show that in this story, the need for love and belonging is the most obvious need that has been paid attention to and after that, the need for survival, the need for power and progress, the need for fun, and the need for freedom have a high frequency.

Abstract Children's literature is one of the most important elements of a correct relationship with children, especially in oppressed societies, which helps readers to become familiar with the challenges of war and accept the reality of war with the least psychological pressure. In order to create a bridge of communication between himself and the reader, Suleiman Issa, as a children's poet, imagines a reader in his mind as a latent reader in the creation of the work and organizes his thoughts in accordance with the image he has created of the listener in his mind. Aiden Chambers, a contemporary theorist, has a comprehensive view of the latent reader, in which the latent reader is examined from four dimensions: style, favoritism, expressive gap, and perspective. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method, examines Suleiman Issa's poems based on Chambers' model in order to measure the author's success in communicating with the latent reader. The research achievement shows that the poet has an intimate connection with the latent reader by using the correct style and vocabulary appropriate to the understanding of children, and by placing the child at the center, he advocates for him and by using this method, he encourages the motivation of resistance in the children of his land; mentioning the poet's own childhood memories is one of the tricks of his advocacy for the latent reader. By creating expressive gaps, the poet gives the reader the opportunity to reflect and invites him to persevere, and from the perspective of the point of view, he is often either the third person plural or singular; which in this way gives the reader the confidence of being present in his writings.

Abstract Critiquing the methodological processes underlying new critical approaches to the legacy of eloquent rhetoric necessitates understanding the deviant ideas dominating rhetoric. ʻᾹbid Jābirī (1936) drawing on modern humanities developed the intellectual project of "Critique of Arab Reason" across Arabic heritage. under the pretext of engaging with heritage, and through a unified critical approach and two different methods; he provides a critical reading of the views of rhetorical thinkers. He assumes Jurjānī (d. 471 AH) under the divergent thought in the project of "Critique of Arab Reason," framing him negatively by equating his rational method with the institutionalization of analogical thinking, which imposed a type of stagnation on rhetoric. The present study aims to explore how Jābirī's critical reading and methodology regarding the two concepts of "Analogy" and the "System of reasoning" of Jurjānī are based on critical-thinking paradigms using a qualitative approach and inductive method. The results indicated that Jābirī's main opposition to ʻAbd al-Qāhir lies in Jurjānī's epistemology. Moreover, he views "Analogy" and the "System of reasoning" as the foundational elements of Jurjānī's epistemological approach. Jābirī sees no similarity between Jurjānī and Aristotle, emphasizing the difference between philosophical and religious methods; rather, he believes that Jurjānī's method of reasoning and inferences are foreign to the essence of rhetoric. He describes ʻAbd al-Qāhir's rational system as a dead form of reason in the study of rhetoric, due to the necessity to adhere to meaning. Therefore, according to Jābirī, Jurjānī's argumentative formulation is governed by a type of subjectivism. He prefers demonstrative analogy over expressive analogy for engaging with rhetoric

Abstract Critical discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary method that seeks to uncover concealed power dynamics, dominance, social inequalities, and ideological processes through language analysis, focusing on structures beyond individual sentences. Within this field, van Leeuwen's (2008) framework is a fundamental approach that emphasizes the role of social actors in manifesting underlying discourses. This framework comprises two main components: exclusion and inclusion, each encompassing various subcategories. Lutfia Al Dulaimi's "Women of Saturn" is a renowned literary work by the contemporary Iraqi writer, exploring political and social issues in Iraq over recent decades. This descriptive-analytical study examines the novel using van Leeuwen's framework's sociocognitive and semiotic aspects to illustrate how the author presents her ideology by introducing the novel's characters. The findings of this study indicate that the representation of social actors in "Women of Saturn" is influenced by Al Dulaimi's intellectual and social perspectives. In the novel, women are portrayed as active and dynamic agents, while male figures are depicted as passive and negatively valued, reflecting Al Dulaimi's feminist ideologies. Furthermore, the Baath Party, American forces, and Takfiri groups are represented as active agents due to their extensive crimes against the Iraqi people and their significant role within the tumultuous Iraqi context.

Abstract The term eco-critique or ecological critique was coined by William Rueckert in 1978, and this stream of critique and vision was a late reaction to the literature in the face of the environmental crisis. This theory was soon considered in literary and social circles and had various branches and approaches, the most important of which was ecofeminism, which considers the study of nature from a feminist point of view because nature is also inherently a mythical principle, Female believes that like a woman, her rights should be defended and protected from harms. Based on the three axes of Janet Henshal, this article compares the poems of Golrokhsar Safi Ava and Suzan Alawan from the point of view of ecofeminist critique. These two poets in addition to talking about their feminine concerns use nature for imagery, empathy, ecological, and feminist positions. The result of the research shows that both poets have used the symbols of nature in their feminine illustrations dramatically and markedly. Their view of nature like their view of women, is compassionate and they consider both to be dominated by others. It should be noted that the method used in this study is a descriptive–analytical method using the American School of comparative literature

Abstract From the period when cinematic screenplays took on a dramatic course, fiction and literature greatly influenced screenplays, but from the 1980s onwards, cinema influenced fiction and led to its visualization. Writers after this period have stronger visual aspects of their stories than pre-cinema writers; Because the desire to see narratives in a broader and more exciting dimension encouraged them to write screenplays. Among these capabilities, which are considered by novelists as a technical model in illustration in modern fiction, are cinematic compositions. Composition allows the illustrator to select, distinguish, and limit the subject of the image to show what is most perceptually and emotionally important to the audience ʻAicha Arnaout, a Syrian-Albanian poet and writer with a background in acting in cinema and theater, is one of the novelists who has taken a conscious approach to this cinematic technique in the novel " I lead you to  my other". This research tries to explore the meaningful reflections of shot composition in this narrative of her in a descriptive-analytical manner. The results show that with various framing effects such as deep framing, wide curtain method, multi-frame, out-of-frame framing and moving framing, Arnāʼūṭ tries to show many aspects of the story through the frame and the narration of the image. In this way, the audience will be able to face the details of the story in a more comprehensive way

Abstract In the contemporary era, along with his changing thought and feelings, human being has transformed story writing ,as well and unlike the past, has hidden the meaning under beneath layers of the narrative. In this regard, the place and its meaningful reflections are among the capacities where various elements could be decoded by probing in its aspects. Phenomenology with expanded theories, has attracted the attentions into this meaningful element rather than other sciences. One of the most prominent theories that has been presented about place by phenomenologists is the theory of “sense of place”. This sense transforms the space into the place with special sensual features and is considered an important factor for identifying people. A factor which has caused the authors to attribute the targeted positioning in their works to that. ʻAicha Arnaout', is a Syrian – Albanian author and poet, creator of psychological novel I lead you to others  where the place carries the novel meanings and concepts which corresponds to the sense of place. The current research attempts to study the mentioned novel relying on the descriptive-analytical method and based on the mentioned theory, so that it finds information about latent conceptual layers in the place element of this story. Some of obtained results suggest existence of new models in places like home, school and cafes where by receiving the inner sense of place, the author has prepared the ground for a new reading of them.

Abstract Michael Rifatter’s semiotics is one of the approaches of literary criticism of the contemporary era. It offers a coherent framework for critique and analysis of poetry. The bases of this theory are the discovery of the semantic network of poetry based on interpretation according to the reader’s literary ability and trying to discover the origin of the text by passing from heuristic reading to interpretive reading. This study tries to analyze the semiotic processes of Saadi Yousef’s poem “Khoz Vardat al­-Salje Khoz al-Kairouaniat” based on Rifatter’s semiotic theory in order to reach the hidden layers of the text. The heuristic reading of this poem expresses the dramatic story of the poet’s grieving soul as he is on a train which journeys to distant lands and takes him farther away from his homeland. But the retroactive reading of the poem shows that it has five accumulations and a descriptive system. By going from the quote level (appearance) to the higher level, by finding the codes in the poem as well as the ungrammaticalities and semiotics for each of them, the authors have found explanation for the main subject (hypogram) and the effect of the semantic structure of the text (matrix). The analysis of this poem shows that it is the product of expanding several matrices such as despair and sorrow, exile and homesickness, love for the homeland, oppression and repression, domination of foreigners over the poet’s homeland, invitation to fighting back, portraying the plundered Iraq, and disappointment with the present situation.