Arabic Literature

Abstract The semiotic theory of "Umberto Eco" examines the symbolic systems of a text in the historical, social and cultural context of their production, and based on this, the interpretation process of each work is based on the dialectic of the text and the reader.

Works such as "Islam Bela Daffaf" written by Yusuf Idris, a famous Egyptian writer, as a realistic work in which the problems of Egypt and the Islamic world are processed and the situation of Arab countries are presented alongside the hegemonic policies of the West, are a suitable platform for the application of this theory in order to discover hidden angles. It is the effect and presentation of a new reading of it. In Eco's view, the interpretive reading of any sign
is basically a cultural and sensitive issue to the social issue, and its interpretation process should be provided in the historical, social and cultural context of the work and through the dialectic of the text and the reader. Works such as "Islam Bela Zafaf" written by Youssef Idris, as a realistic work that deals with the problems of Egypt and the Islamic world, is a suitable platform for following and discovering signs based on this approach. Based on this, the present research, with a descriptive-analytical method, based on the eco-semiotic approach, investigated the Egyptian character in the research sample and came to the following conclusion: three issues of contamination of value systems, women and their legitimate freedoms, and the ancient civilization and rich culture of Egypt. The main themes of dealing with the Egyptian personality in the book are taunting the reactionary Islamists, the author's way to deal with the dimensions of the Egyptian personality And the discussion of common themes such as the change of value systems in the works of Egyptian thinkers.

Abstract Abstract:
The violence stemming from war endures over time within society, and its impacts are reflected in artistic works in various forms. This violence, as a suppressive element within power relations, reveals the two contrasting faces of the dominant and the submissive. The novel "The Virgin of Sinjar" by Ward Badr al-Salem addresses the genocide of the Yazidis in 2014 by ISIS and is recognized as one of the first literary efforts to depict the situation of the Yazidis in this genocide. The extent of violence and assaults against the Yazidis became the central theme for several Arab novelists.
Using a descriptive-analytical method, this research represents and analyzes the various dimensions of ISIS's violence against the Yazidis from the perspective of Slavoj Žižek, aiming to show how different layers of violence are represented in the novel "The Virgin of Sinjar". Žižek emphasizes the hidden aspects of violence and considers explicit violence to be the result of hidden violence. Structural, ideological, and cultural violence are among the hidden dimensions that can lead to explicit violence.
The research illustrates that ISIS, with religious justifications and the philosophy of "the end justifies the means," exercises proactive violence, which is the result of the interaction of reactive and systemic violence. Using mythical violence, ISIS establishes its desired order and commits numerous atrocities. Žižek's theory demonstrates that ISIS's violence is a function of the systemic violence stemming from global capitalism and complex social, economic, and political interactions.

Abstract In spite of the fact that paradox as an unknown literary device has largely been ignored, it has been a source of amazement and, consequently, aesthetic joy due to deviation from norm, ambiguity, the saliency of meaning, and laconism. One of the subtle points receiving little attention in Arabic literature, especially in Nahjol Balaghah, is the study of paradoxical elements. The most significant factors contributing to the high frequency of this artistic device in the Master of Speech (Ali-peace be upon him) are the mystical and spiritual experiences, punctiliousness, imagination and the dominant social and political atmosphere of the society at that time. The current research aimed at study the paradoxes from formal and functional perspectives and the reasons and areas of its formation in Imam Ali's speech. Due to his wonderful command of language and diction, Ali benefited from all the paradoxical devices and expressions to develop themes and concepts in an artistic and frequent manner.