Arabic Literature

Abstract In the religious context, the Devil’s rebellion in the creation myth represents sin, evil, and eternal damnation. But sometimes writers, by disturbing familiar signs and defamiliarization of names such as the Devil, recreate religious myths which are of a new form and which, regarding their content, oppose the original ones and, thus, are not very consistent with public opinion. The present research, focusing on the practice of defamiliarization of familiar concepts, examines the symbolic representation of the Devil in the poems of Khalil Hawi and Forough Farrokhzad who, with a different conception of this symbol, have transcended the borders of religious concepts. As deconstruction of literary works into their sources and influences destroys their entirety, the article employs a methodology which does not consider the way the text has influenced other texts and has been influenced by them. Thus, we study the poems of two poets who have no relation to each other and are not influenced by each other. In fact, what makes the article to focus on the foregoing poems of Farrokhzad and Hawi is that they enable us to find new meanings in relation to the Devil, meanings which are a form of deviation and a new expression of the concept of the Devil. These points provide a context in which we can study the content of the poems of the two poets in a comparative manner. So, the article tries to reexamine the poems of Farrokhzad and Hawi to demonstrate that they have used Koranic images and stories to recreate the Devil and that how their shared resources such as existential thoughts and familiarity with the works of Western romantics along with their successive failures in life have affected their poems in this regard so that Farrokhzad’s poetry is the cry of the captive humanity and Hawi’s is the scream of a patriot who has reached deadlock.

Abstract In spite of brilliant thoughts and ration-oriented manners in Shia discourse, during the history and in practice, Shia has always been looked down upon by its rivals; thus, at times by the establishment of superstitious and deviant ideologies seeking the distortion of Shia reputation and also by the manipulation of some deviant ideological groups such as exaggeraters (Ghulūt), despising Shia and its ideas. Shawqi Dhaif in his books has utilized the term “exaggeration” about most of the poets of Abbasian era, and calls them exaggerators. The present study, in reference to dictionaries and other resources, and by presenting various definitions, attempts to illuminate the meaning of the term “exaggeration” from Dhaif’s point of view; therefore basically clarifying what meaning he has been seeking by “exaggeration” as an analysis on most of the poets of the era. The present study by the account of text analysis approach and through a descriptive-analytic method has made an effort to extract the meaning of the term “exaggeration” among his writings and to put them under scrutiny and inspection. The statistical population of this research includes a series of books on the history of Arabs Literature and the book "al-fan wa Maḍᾱhibuhū fi al-shiʿr al-aʿrabi". Firstly, all Shiite poets have been identified, then biographies and comments about them have been carefully studied. This study included all the items that Shawqi Dhaif used the term exaggeration for a poet with a witness in the text of the article, and brought some examples of poems that he regards them as poems include exaggeration. The results of the study suggest that among different meanings of exaggeration, Dhaif has taken that respect of exaggeration into consideration in which the meaning is more concerned with hatred an overthrow towards Sunni Caliphs and this is the same meaning Ibn Abdi Rabah and Ibn Khaldun have already pointed out.

Abstract Failures and contradictions of life cause confusion and disrupt personality structure of ego. Under such conditions, human psychological defense system is activated to overcome anxiety which threats the ego and to recover one's calmness. Seyyed Qotb and Shahriar have also infected by anxiety and unfavorable excitements in their lives, because of individual, social, political,…, factors. Since their poetries are reflection of their sentiments and mentality, the psychological defense system, used to overcome anxiety has been reflected in their poetry. The present research has analyzed the two  poetries collections from psychological viewpoint, using descriptive-analytical method and through a review of various psychological books. Common concepts used in their poetry include childhood; elegy and aging, different defensive mechanisms such as back time, replication, separation and normalization, etc.

Abstract Body linguistic in general and Cohesion in particular have been seriously explored by many linguists since the middle of 20th century so that in fact it was considered as the essential basis for discourse analysis at next years. By looking at the subjects that were purposed in this new branch of linguistics and comparing it with linguistic researches among Muslims, we may encounter some evidences and works from classic Arabic linguists (those who dealt with syntax, rhetoric as well as critics) where they have paid attention to overall genre in body and cohesive factors. Muslim linguists, particularly in their Quranic lingual surveys have attached the presence of proportion and coordination and tried to find their elements while many cohesive factors purposed by “Holiday” and “Hassan” have been typically considered by them, though they never referred to them within framework of an overall and systematic system from cohesive factors, but they dealt with each of them separately. Similarly, their point of view was slightly different from text- orientation perspective in current linguistics in some of factors like iteration and collocation etc and at the same time we witness exhaustive precision and interference among syntax and rhetoric in some factors like separation and connection. And we are also faced with some occasions in Quranic sciences from scholar view that have the highest proximity and similarity with text- oriented approaches of comntemporary linguistics