Arabic Literature

Abstract  Identity refers to the set of attitudes, characteristics and attitudes that distinguish a person from others. Adapting the discourse governing the novel with the principles proposed in the theories of discourse analysis is a way to understand the social and cultural impact of the ideologies ruling in a society on the formation of identity among its people. In the current research, the issue of identity in the novel "The Survivor" by Anaam Kachachi is investigated based on the theory of "Norman Fairclough" and by the method of critical discourse analysis. The findings of the research indicate that the discourse governing this novel was influenced by Kachachi's religious and family background, and on the other hand, it was formed based on the representation of the political, social and cultural conditions of the author's society in the second half of the 20th century. Through the character of Taj Al-Moluk, Kachachi aims to transform women's protest from a purely gender issue or a union issue into a political-social issue and to criticize the burdensome taboos of women. The author introduces the story of an example of a successful woman from the language of the first person and further points out the impact of the presence of these women in the society on the girls of the new generation of Iraq and their entry into the political scene. Meanwhile, the national identity due to the forced migration of the novel's characters from their homeland, and parallel to that, the gender identity affected by the author's ideology, among other types of identity, are the most prominent in the novel. According to the identity theory of Marcia Taj-al-Moluk, the main character of the story has a successful identity and Vodiyan has an early identity, and Mansour is on the border between late and successful identity.

Abstract Pluralism is rooted in the long history of Arab thought, as in the Abbasid era, to the extent that its consequences were manifested in the emergence of contradictory ideas, parties and personalities engaging with one another in order to attain power by exploiting religion and ethnicity. Contractions that often did not have any rational logic beyond them but only to achieve power. In this way, we sometimes see the emergence of intellectual and sometimes reactionary thoughts. The dialectic was conducted in a narrow worldview focused on "self" and the commemoration of "me" and the "other" rejection in a closed loop. A discourse that was fueled by power struggles, religious and ethnic affiliations, the rise of tribal strife and, ultimately, civil wars. But in the contemporary era, the link between thought and civilization and science provided the basis for using the intellectual achievements of the world for Arab thought to establish a rational link between tradition and modernity in the Arab world. Just as the atmosphere of an open contemporary discourse, in line with the new needs, provided the ground for emancipation from the absurd thoughts and long-suffering ideas that had long been shadowed by the collective thought of the Arabs.  Though today, this idea is facing obstacles and challenges, it is in line with modernity and its positive and negative consequences. So its manifestations can be seen in the thoughts of the intellectuals of the Arab world in many countries and undoubtedly its implications in the social sphere of the Arab world will be reflected and found, so that the Arab Spring can be considered part of the intellectual outcomes in the Arab world. The present article seeks to use the descriptive-analytical method of contemporary Arab thought and how the emancipation of such scholars as Aedounis, Mostafa Hejazi, Hassan Hanafi and others from the fatalistic self-centeredness of their era, which had destroyed all the modernist effects of the past.

Abstract The contrastive analysis of languages is one the most important for recognizing the coherent templates to train vocabularies, grammar, semantics and pragmatics in different levels. In this regard, the present study investigates the contrastive analysis of Persian and Arabic based on sentence. The authors try to study syntax (sentence) of Persian and Arabic from the views of semantics by descriptive-analytical and contrastive approach. For realizing to syntactical contrastive, a criterion common to both Persian and Arabic was presented studying syntactical issues in three areas including phrases, clauses and sentences. The mentioned criterion is based on semantic. In this way, the changes that were made for transferring the meaning between the two languages were explained to help translators and language learners.

Abstract Arabic language instruction in Iran has always relied on cognitive factors, and has been based on grammar-translation method. Consequently, issues such as Arabic learner's and teacher's mental processes during learning and teaching, metacognitive factors, interlocutors' characteristics and the conversation setting, learner's information processing procedure, etc. have never been noted by the experts of this field. Through an analysis of the features of Arabic language learning process based on Desuggestopeida  method, as well as an inspection of the metacognitive factors such as emotional intelligence, the authors of the present article seek to provide a set of fundamental principles for learning and teaching of the Arabic language, in a way that using the suggested solutions, the learner could obtain the linguistic knowledge in a practical manner, and through creation of motivation, creativity, self-esteem, and production of constant and practical linguistic output in an emotional-cognitive atmosphere, her communicative competence and performance can get to the highest possible level.