Arabic Literature

Abstract Paradox is one of the most important rhetorical mechanisms that effectively takes part in composing the modern literary text. These texts may differ by the extent of using these mechanisms and their impact on constructing images that contradict the known reality, where the nature and the connotations of literary text seem inconceivable without understanding the concept of paradox and comprehending its occasional meaning and notions. Abbas Baydoun is considered one of the most prominent poets of the modern prose poem who made good use of figurative paradox in their texts. This research aims to study a “sour” collection. saturated with images of paradox, as they are the implications and images of the poet’s imagination about the city in which he was born and raised. This text is replete with types of deviations and verbal and pictorial paradoxes, and this group has been studied. According to the paradox of the situation and through Muecke’s criteria that divides it, to be an independent and useful study in this field. The descriptive-analytical method was adopted for this study for a comprehensive and accurate statement of all the images in this poetic collection. This study sought to address a number of topics that Baydoun used, such as the paradox of water, sea, city, stone and night.The research reached several results, including: Baydoun’s use in his poetry of many paradoxes of the situation, such as simple dissonance and the paradox of drama through a different and modern style, through smooth language and eloquent connotations. Also, Baydoun’s poetry was not devoid of the use of other rhetorical techniques such as displacement, which helped create connotations far from The reality of the pronunciation and the drawing of paintings in the sky of the imagination of the recipients of his poetry.

Abstract Didascalia is an element of the drama structure that includes the author's instructions in the form of a scene description and is second in importance after the main text as a secondary text. This concept is one of the common concepts in the field of theater, and its many functions have made it compatible with theatrical events. These functions help the actor in playing the roles by being able to plan and clarify the titles, characters, behavioral and verbal actions as well as time and place. By focusing on these functions, the Omani poet Saif al-Rahbi has given his poems the ability to examine them with a dramatic view. This research, with a descriptive-analytical approach, while admiring Al-Rahbi's poetry and the uniqueness of his style in his compositions, aims to reveal the main purpose of the poet in using scene descriptions. In this regard, this research has paid attention to five of the most prominent functions that play an important role in the formation of didascalia structure, that is, nominal, melodic, spatial, temporal, and scenography functions. However the result of the research indicates that the poet's attention to the characteristics of performing arts is derived from his attitude towards how to express and search for a broad vision that covers all scenes, for him, poetry is a mixture of different arts. Narrative language dominates Al-Rahbi's poetic structure, therefore, he portrays his daily observations, exile, and criticism of class conflict through didascalia to renew and avoid stereotyped methods

Abstract Greimas factor model is one of the basic components of Greimas propositions about the surface structure of the text. The factor model is based on three models of factors: essence/subject, sender/ addressee and helpen/opponent; And from these factors emerge three relationships. Julian Greimas uses the factor model in analyzing the concept of factor and highlighting the relationships that connect the text. Since the novel is classified in literary genres which embodies the image of man in the struggle against life and is an expressive space , the author uses it to convey his feelings and thoughts based on a set of harmonious elements. This study intends to examine the factor model in the novel Al-Sinbad Al-Aama written by Buthaina Al-Issa based on Greimas factor model and Structural method in the framework of critical research that considers personality. In this research, we intend to explore the text of this novel based on the factor model and deal with the characters and analyze the functions of the characters in the narrative body and focus on the main characters  through  their names and communications. They take place with other characters. The results of the research show that this novel goes through various stages that help to visualize it. There are elements of motivation, competence, achievement and punishment in the behavior of the characters of the novel, as well as factor roles in this novel appear in a significant way .Therefore, we were able to complete the narrative schema in this novel.