Arabic Literature

Abstract The term pedagogy is a term in the field of education and refers to the method of education. Children are taught in two ways, direct and indirect (play). Play and drama are used to learn complex concepts so that the child learns them in the best way. One of these concepts is sustainable literature, which has attracted the attention of many writers in this era. In order to teach this concept, it is necessary to act in such a way that it has the greatest importance in children, and perhaps the best way to teach this difficult concept is through games and performances. In this essay, the authors have analyzed the play “The Bassous War will never happen” by Jamil Hamdawi, a Moroccan writer, from the perspective of the pedagogy of sustainable literature, with a descriptive-analytical method, and are looking for answers to the questions that the pedagogy of the concept of sustainability with what patterns in the text it has been shown. The results of these investigations indicate that the author has succeeded in teaching the concept of sustainability to children by using text patterns. Through the story of Abel and Cain, he taught children that war has negative and destructive effects and that peace and unity is the best way to resist and sustain. Therefore, Hamdawi can be considered as a successful pedagogue in the field of sustainability literature, who, using plays, teaches the principles of sustainability to small audiences and guides them to constructive solutions.

Abstract Analyzing signs within a broader, universal context yields more comprehensive and effective results. This approach allows for the discovery of the dominant worlds and how the discourse of the text is formed in a given work. In this regard, the theory of the semiosphere by the Russian theorist Yuri Lotman is worthy of attention and analysis. According to this theory, all signs are interconnected and are reproduced within a specific, limited cultural and abstract space. This sphere facilitates an accurate analysis of signs and fosters coherence within the literary text, offering a suitable approach for a precise analysis of literary works. Rejection, differentiation, and absorption are the three main components of this theory, which examines how signs are formed and lead to the creation of a semiosphere. This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach to investigate the environmental poem Al-Miyah Al-Miyah by Lebanese poet Wadih Sa'adeh based on this theory, aiming to analyze the semiosphere formed within the work and its role in creating discourse and meaning. The results indicate that the poet has rejected abstract elements from his semiosphere, erased the boundaries between himself and nature and water, and attempted to convey an environmental discourse by absorbing elements of nature

Abstract In order to gain a more accurate understanding of the meanings and messages in a text, it is not enough to just focus and rely on its main world. Indeed, it is also necessary to examine its sub-worlds. Following advances in cognitive approaches in literary criticism, terms such as hypothetical worlds, possible worlds, secondary worlds, sub-worlds etc. were taken into consideration to examine literary texts through a more comprehensive and modern lens. Among such theories is Paul Werth's Text World Theory. In his theory of world discourse, he addresses three categories for text analysis, among which is the sub-worlds' approach. Through this approach, certain parameters are used to examine the existence of another world that exists in the context of a main world, and thus its meanings and functions are investigated. Considering the pluralism of discourse and the variety of semantic contexts in post-modern poetry, this paper examines and analyzes the poetry book of Wadih Sa'adeh, a prominent Lebanese poet, to find out to what extent sub-words exist in his poetry and how the poet has used them to expand on and promote his meanings. The result of the research shows that by creating sub-worlds along the the one-dimensional and static world, Wadih Sa'adeh has added dynamism, reflected silent voices or voices in exile, departed from the absolute reality and approached multiple and diverse realities. Moreover, he has used different parameters of time, place, speech, and attitude.

Abstract Today, there are new approaches in the field of literary criticism, one of which is psychoanalytical criticism. Psychoanalytic criticism is a form of literary criticism that applies some themes and methods of psychoanalysis to literary texts and gives interpretations of these texts. One of the theories put forth in this field is Ervin Yalom's psychodynamic therapy theory, which explains the four ultimate concerns (fear of death, freedom and responsibility of choice, loneliness, and emptiness) and provides solutions for their treatment and reduction. In this essay, relying on the descriptive-analytical method, the aforementioned concerns and their treatment solutions have been analyzed in the novel "Zahr al-Laymoun and other stories" by Alaa al-Dib in the light of Yalom's approach. The results of the research show that the four concerns and their treatment methods are visible in the text of the novel. These four apprehensions are mostly seen in the main characters of the stories in the novel, and the other characters were surprised. Also, by examining the concerns mentioned in the text of the novel, it was found that out of a total of 88 cases, the loneliness component had the largest share among other concerns with 42 cases. The component of emptiness with 26, freedom and responsibility with 13 and fear of death with 7 items are in the next ranks.

Abstract The most of the works written in the field of women's rights emphasize common elements such as violence against women, forced marriage, women's financial independence, women's self-objectification, and similar issues; But the novel "Al-Raviyat" written by Maha Hassan is a different and feminine novel that despite struggling with all these issues, tries to skip from these components to a different and effective paradigm in order to elevate the dignity of women and achieve a world according to their needs. Considering the capitals and abilities of women - who have been continuously oppressed and humiliated throughout history - the author says that informed women can spread the message of freedom to the whole world by promoting their awareness and knowledge. They should convey their desire to other women and to achieve this goal, they should write. French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, in his theory of types of capital, - by referring to the habitus element - proposed the issue of cultural capital as an important factor in the achievement of symbolic power by individuals and groups and the reproduction of social classes. The current research aims to investigate the issue of writing as the cultural capital of women in the novel "Al-Raviyat" written by Maha Hassan and measure its effect on the reproduction of the social position of women in "Al-Raviyat" using a descriptive-analytical method. The research results show that bold women in "Al-Raviyat" achieve symbolic power by performing actions and deeds contrary to conventional habits and by producing knowledge and raising awareness, as well as by accumulating their writing capital and finally, they build a world according to their desire and away from any discrimination