Arabic Literature

Abstract Modern poems are full of different techniques, including irony, as the scope of this technique has expanded, and many studies have included this type of literature to reveal the aesthetics of the poetic text. Irony has its literary beauty in contrast and disagreement with the familiar. This study attempts to shed light on the paradox of the situation in Zahran Al Qasimi’s poems, and focus on Poetic language, condensation, linguistic shifts, metaphor, metaphor, metonymy, and simile. We rarely find in contemporary poetry a paradox that carries different colors, according to Miwick’s theory, such as drama, predicament, event, and simple, which is called the paradox of the situation. Miwick tries to give definitions of the types of irony to distinguish between them in order to reach the position of the victim of irony or the irony of the situation, and most of them were extensively employed by the poet Zahran Al-Qasimi in his poetry collection “The Cytoplasm”, which deserved study, along the lines of the descriptive and analytical approach, to show the extent of the text’s effectiveness with irony. And describing the density of images immersed in literary intertextuality. The research attempted to combine ancient rhetoric with modern techniques to clarify the various paradoxes in Zahran’s poetry, and wants to answer two basic questions: What are the obvious paradoxes in Zahran’s poetry, and how is the paradox of the situation characterized in Zahran’s poems? The research reached several results, after giving poetry its due due by analyzing the poems and showing the irony of the situation in each of its types - that Zahran tends toward pictorial irony, especially dramatic irony, more than others.

Abstract Cognitive metaphor is considered one of the modern topics in linguistics, and its theorists, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, took it from its linguistic framework to the conceptual cognitive field, so that it is considered present in aspects of “mental thinking” in all areas of ordinary life. Lakoff and Johnson believe that metaphor is not for decoration or embellishment Or a linguistic phenomenon related to the language of poetry, but rather an intellectual phenomenon that is related to our conceptual system, inherent in the ordinary life that we live, because we hardly realize it most of the time, and that an important part of our emotions, behavior, and experiences is metaphorical in nature. One of the most important buildings of this theory is the concept of “conceptual schemes,” which is a mental phenomenon that enables many intellectual experiences and basic concepts to be understood, such as trust in God, feelings of sin, shame, submission, and reassurance, and then tangible experiences through metaphor. The Sahifa al-Sajjadiyah played an important role in employing metaphor, due to its openness to an infinite process, which produces a diverse interpretive chain. Hence, the interpretation of the metaphor varies according to the cognitive contents from which the reader starts, so supplications play a central role through latent interaction. The article was subjected to some reading. Conceptual diagrams of ontological metaphors and their analysis in Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya in light of Lakoff and Johnson’s theory to clarify the implicit and aesthetic connotations, which explain to the recipient how he obtains religious experiences, relying this on the descriptive analytical approach, from which it is deduced that the Qur’anic concepts in the culture of imams are metaphorical, and material experiences are like containment. Balance and others constitute the core of the concepts adopted by the Imam, revealing the extent to which his moral philosophy is embodied. This is because transferring abstractions from the realm of non-existence to the realm of existence and being is easier to understand, and closer to realization, as it gives society an awareness of what Imam Al-Sajadi is heading in doctrine and culture, in addition to Expanding understanding