https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/ Arabic Literature en daily 1 Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_100456.html Critiquing the methodological processes underlying new critical approaches to the legacy of eloquent rhetoric necessitates understanding the deviant ideas dominating rhetoric. ʻᾹbid Jābirī (1936) drawing on modern humanities developed the intellectual project of "Critique of Arab Reason" across Arabic heritage. under the pretext of engaging with heritage, and through a unified critical approach and two different methods; he provides a critical reading of the views of rhetorical thinkers. He assumes Jurjānī (d. 471 AH) under the divergent thought in the project of "Critique of Arab Reason," framing him negatively by equating his rational method with the institutionalization of analogical thinking, which imposed a type of stagnation on rhetoric. The present study aims to explore how Jābirī's critical reading and methodology regarding the two concepts of "Analogy" and the "System of reasoning" of Jurjānī are based on critical-thinking paradigms using a qualitative approach and inductive method. The results indicated that Jābirī's main opposition to ʻAbd al-Qāhir lies in Jurjānī's epistemology. Moreover, he views "Analogy" and the "System of reasoning" as the foundational elements of Jurjānī's epistemological approach. Jābirī sees no similarity between Jurjānī and Aristotle, emphasizing the difference between philosophical and religious methods; rather, he believes that Jurjānī's method of reasoning and inferences are foreign to the essence of rhetoric. He describes ʻAbd al-Qāhir's rational system as a dead form of reason in the study of rhetoric, due to the necessity to adhere to meaning. Therefore, according to Jābirī, Jurjānī's argumentative formulation is governed by a type of subjectivism. He prefers demonstrative analogy over expressive analogy for engaging with rhetoric https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_102237.html Humans utilize language for communication and the transmission of thought, structuring their objectives and intentions within its framework. Pragmatics, or the study of language use, prioritizes the communicative functions of language. One such function is persuasion, achieved through argumentative techniques that influence the syntactic structure of sentences. Among modern grammatical theories, Simon Dik’s Functional Grammar, later adopted by Ahmad al-Mutawakkil, adopts a pragmatic approach to sentence structure, emphasizing the pragmatic roles and communicative goals of linguistic elements. This descriptive-analytical study investigates the interplay between argumentative techniques and components of Functional Grammar in the Thirty-First Letter of Nahj al-Balagha. The findings reveal that the interrogative focus in the letter overlaps with rhetorical questioning, serving as a strategy to internalize beliefs in the audience’s mind. The complementary focus aligns with textual citations, functioning as a mechanism to expand the audience’s semantic horizon and encourage action. The focal chain resembles a pragmatic continuum, grading the hierarchical levels of argumentation from Imam Ali’s (AS) perspective. Additionally, contrastive focus, through focalization, establishes the groundwork for argumentation and stabilizes reasoning. Modal adjuncts in Imam Ali’s (AS) discourse, reflecting his commitment to the occurrence of events, play a role in reinforcing or weakening argumentative propositions https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_100646.html One of the fundamental concepts of cognitive linguistics is the concept of image schemas. Schema theory suggests that many of the more complex human concepts are explained by simple empirical patterns. Analyzing image schemas as a critical tool helps us have a more meaningful connection with the outside world. The present study attempts to examine the concepts of three groups of visual schemas, such as volumetric, power, and movement schemas, in Kamal Nasser's poems using Johnson's linguistic approach, using a descriptive-analytical method. And explain the poet's worldview with the help of these schemas. One of Kamal's poetic characteristics is his focus on social themes, which is why he was able to express the state of his society. The results of the research show that the volumetric schema implies concepts such as shared and collective grief. The power schema refers to the occupying enemy, colonization, the establishment of the Jewish state, and resistance. The movement schema also contains the concepts of the return and movement of the Palestinians to their homeland, the advance of death toward them, and the rapid passage of time. And among these types of schemas, the schema of power of the type of obstacle has a more prominent presence. The poet's worldview is also a combination of the struggle for human and social rights, faith in the ability of the mujahideen, intolerance of oppression, and love for society https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_100149.html The ancient Greek heritage and especially the myths of that land have an active presence in contemporary Palestinian poetry and are considered one of the important instruments of that poetry. The myth of Icarus is one of the important myths that has attracted the attention of Palestinian poets. This myth, due to having a set of contradictory concepts in it, including captivity by the enemy, passion for flight, trying to overcome adverse conditions, ascensionism, desire for immortality on the one hand, and narcissism, false self-confidence, Paying attention to the advices of wise old man and the fall and failure on the other hand, provided this ground for the mentioned poets to take inspiration from that ancient experience and outline their wishes with a new look, considering the political and social conditions governing Palestine. and discuss their personal and non-personal experiences and convey their mental concepts to poetic audiences with a more artistic interpretation. In the light of the prominent presence of the myth of Icarus in contemporary Palestinian poetry and the important role of that mythical figure in conveying some concepts, the present research tries to reveal the reading of the myth of Icarus by contemporary Palestinian poets with a qualitative approach and descriptive-analytical method. The poets who were inspired by the above-mentioned myth in six songs are Ezzeddin Manasera, Samih Al-Qasim and Jabra Ibrahim Jabra. The investigation shows that the studied poets have involved the mythical character of Icarus more in the dark and dramatic atmosphere and that character is mainly responsible for bitter political and social experiences https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_99834.html Analyzing signs within a broader, universal context yields more comprehensive and effective results. This approach allows for the discovery of the dominant worlds and how the discourse of the text is formed in a given work. In this regard, the theory of the semiosphere by the Russian theorist Yuri Lotman is worthy of attention and analysis. According to this theory, all signs are interconnected and are reproduced within a specific, limited cultural and abstract space. This sphere facilitates an accurate analysis of signs and fosters coherence within the literary text, offering a suitable approach for a precise analysis of literary works. Rejection, differentiation, and absorption are the three main components of this theory, which examines how signs are formed and lead to the creation of a semiosphere. This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach to investigate the environmental poem Al-Miyah Al-Miyah by Lebanese poet Wadih Sa'adeh based on this theory, aiming to analyze the semiosphere formed within the work and its role in creating discourse and meaning. The results indicate that the poet has rejected abstract elements from his semiosphere, erased the boundaries between himself and nature and water, and attempted to convey an environmental discourse by absorbing elements of nature https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_98061.html According to scholars of rhetoric and traditional and classical linguists, metaphor is word-oriented and limited and exclusive to words. According to them, metaphor is used only in literature and has an aesthetic aspect. But in cognitive linguistics, looking at metaphor is very broad and metaphor is concept-oriented, not word-oriented. From the perspective of cognitive linguistics, not only literature, but also language, including literary language, is the manifestation of conceptual structures such as metaphors, metaphors, and imaginary schemas in the human mind. According to George Likoff and Mark Johnson, metaphor is a means of thinking that is present in human behavior, including language behavior. The present article aims to study and analyze imaginary metaphors in Al-alaviyat by Mohammad Abd al-Muttalib according to the theory of Likaf and Johnson. The results indicate that the poet has conceptualized the abstract and abstract concepts well by means of objective concepts by using the three schemes (volume, power and movement) and beautifully depicted intangible and abstract concepts. After the investigations, it was determined; Out of the total imaginary schemes used in this supplement, 65 percent are volumetric, 18 percent are movement and 17 percent are strength https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_100376.html A complete understanding of discourse requires going beyond mere lexical-grammatical analysis and utilizing modern linguistic approaches. One effective tool in this regard is Grice's Cooperative Principle and the implicatures that arise from violations of its four maxims (quantity, quality, relation, and manner). This study aims to explore the implied meanings in the play Watani 'Akka by the Egyptian writer Sharqawi, who, in his works on resistance literature, places more emphasis on the concepts of resistance from a literary perspective. Given that the play is centered around dialogue between characters, the dialogic interaction between Palestinian fighters as the "self" and Zionists as the "other" is examined throughout the themes of the play. The analysis shows that the maxims of quantity (through verbosity and brevity) and manner (through the use of relative pronouns like "we" and "I") are the most frequently violated in all three types of dialogues: (self-self), (self-other), and (other-other). Verbosity is used for emphasis, reasoning, quoting leaders, persuasion, and emotional expression, while brevity is employed in critical moments. The violation of the maxim of manner is used to generalize concepts of friendship or enmity, implicitly reference the role of the West and the United States in supporting Zionism, and address issues of life, death, and martyrdom. The study also reveals that assertive speech acts are predominantly used to convey truths related to Zionism and the fighters' operations, while directive speech acts are employed for commands, prohibitions, and rhetorical questions to convey the concepts of resistance, highlight the Zionists' weakness, and emphasize the fighters' logic https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_99108.html Applying psychological theories in reading children's stories can bring new horizons to the audience and show the role of stories in improving the educational level of children. William Glaser's theory of choice is one of the new perspectives of psychology which with a realistic approach and with an emphasis on internal control, considers human behavior to be derived from his five internal needs. It means the need for survival, the need for love and belonging, the need for strength and progress, the need for freedom and the need for fun. Children identify with the characters in the story and try to imitate their behavior; therefore, the use of choice theory in the analysis of children's stories can discover new dimensions of the characters in the story and their behavior to satisfy their needs and provide the ground for writers to write in their works according to the needs of children and take an effective step in the direction of children's moral education. Therefore, in the current research, the authors try to answer the main question in a descriptive-analytical way and using the theory of choice, which of the basic needs of the mentioned theory has a more prominent appearance in the story "Princess of the Golden Palace" by Mohammad Atiya Al-Ibrashi and what behaviors do the characters of the story choose against their needs. The results of the research show that in this story, the need for love and belonging is the most obvious need that has been paid attention to and after that, the need for survival, the need for power and progress, the need for fun, and the need for freedom have a high frequency. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_99648.html The present study investigates the signs of the story "Al-Hi Al-Latini" by the Lebanese novelist Sohail Idris (1924) based on the conditions and mechanisms of emotional semiotics. Emotional semiotics takes its essence from action semiotics; Therefore, before action, there is feeling; Therefore, feelings and emotions are very important; Because there is no literary act without emotions; Therefore, the necessity of a method that includes all the ways of meaning is necessary. Among these methods, considering the emotional and psychological dimension through openness to the essence, body and emotions, which is evident in the researches of Grimas and Fontani, who tried to give Shush credibility again. Based on this, the present research examines the emotions that the hero has in his lived experience in the story. The premise of his research is that boredom is the most important emotion of the narrative, from which the main meaning is realized. The research method is a descriptive-analytical method, where we implement Fontan's emotional method on the discourse of the mentioned narrative, in a critical effort. The results of the discussion indicate that boredom is the most important emotion in the narrative, which causes the hero of the story to be in an emotional state rather than in an active state, and in order to overcome this boredom, he becomes an elusive person and Reality escapes from the hands of the police. Also, the results of the discussion show that all efforts of emotions produce nothing but nothing; Because the hero walks in the bed of weak emotions; Something that causes him to subside and suppress his feelings and brings him to the zero point and nowhere, where boredom welcomes him with open arms and traps him, whether he is in Lebanon or in France This strengthens the main hypothesis of the research. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_100647.html The semiotic theory of "Umberto Eco" examines the symbolic systems of a text in the historical, social and cultural context of their production, and based on this, the interpretation process of each work is based on the dialectic of the text and the reader. Works such as "Islam Bela Daffaf" written by Yusuf Idris, a famous Egyptian writer, as a realistic work in which the problems of Egypt and the Islamic world are processed and the situation of Arab countries are presented alongside the hegemonic policies of the West, are a suitable platform for the application of this theory in order to discover hidden angles. It is the effect and presentation of a new reading of it. In Eco's view, the interpretive reading of any sign is basically a cultural and sensitive issue to the social issue, and its interpretation process should be provided in the historical, social and cultural context of the work and through the dialectic of the text and the reader. Works such as "Islam Bela Zafaf" written by Youssef Idris, as a realistic work that deals with the problems of Egypt and the Islamic world, is a suitable platform for following and discovering signs based on this approach. Based on this, the present research, with a descriptive-analytical method, based on the eco-semiotic approach, investigated the Egyptian character in the research sample and came to the following conclusion: three issues of contamination of value systems, women and their legitimate freedoms, and the ancient civilization and rich culture of Egypt. The main themes of dealing with the Egyptian personality in the book are taunting the reactionary Islamists, the author's way to deal with the dimensions of the Egyptian personality And the discussion of common themes such as the change of value systems in the works of Egyptian thinkers. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_100648.html The term pedagogy is a term in the field of education and refers to the method of education. Children are taught in two ways, direct and indirect (play). Play and drama are used to learn complex concepts so that the child learns them in the best way. One of these concepts is sustainable literature, which has attracted the attention of many writers in this era. In order to teach this concept, it is necessary to act in such a way that it has the greatest importance in children, and perhaps the best way to teach this difficult concept is through games and performances. In this essay, the authors have analyzed the play “The Bassous War will never happen” by Jamil Hamdawi, a Moroccan writer, from the perspective of the pedagogy of sustainable literature, with a descriptive-analytical method, and are looking for answers to the questions that the pedagogy of the concept of sustainability with what patterns in the text it has been shown. The results of these investigations indicate that the author has succeeded in teaching the concept of sustainability to children by using text patterns. Through the story of Abel and Cain, he taught children that war has negative and destructive effects and that peace and unity is the best way to resist and sustain. Therefore, Hamdawi can be considered as a successful pedagogue in the field of sustainability literature, who, using plays, teaches the principles of sustainability to small audiences and guides them to constructive solutions. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_101529.html Jung's theory of archetypes transcended the realm of psychology and entered the domains of literature and mythology. According to this theory, humans possess not only a personal unconscious but also a collective unconscious, which encompasses universal and timeless patterns that have persisted in the human psyche since antiquity. Mythological literature is examined and analyzed as a field for the manifestation and expression of this collective unconscious. In this research, *One Thousand and One Nights*, as a rich and enduring literary heritage, is taken as the basis for a Jungian archetypal reading through a descriptive-analytical approach. By exploring the relationship between the collective unconscious, archetypes, and literature, the study demonstrates how the application of archetypes in the tale of "Ghanim bin Ayyub and Qut al-Qulub" from *One Thousand and One Nights* serves as a platform for deepening the narrative and revealing the collective unconscious and archetypes through literature. The presence of these archetypal elements, which date back to the history of humanity, is among the factors contributing to the enduring nature of such works. The interaction of these archetypes throughout the narrative depicts a process of crisis, transformation, and evolution. Thus, literature and storytelling enable the audience to experience this path of evolution through identification with the narrative, allowing them to internalize this journey within their own unconscious. By drawing on archetypes and myths, literature bridges the gap between humanity's collective unconscious and individual experiences, facilitating a deeper understanding of self-awareness and personal evolution. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_101923.html Sociological criticism of the novel is a method of literary criticism that deals with the mutual influence of literary texts and society. Goldman's formative structuralism criticism is one of the types of sociological criticism in which it examines the relationship between literary structure and the structure of society. Goldman, relying on the topics of this theory such as totality, worldview, possible consciousness, and objectification, explores the society created in the work and examines its similarity to real society. The novel "The Republic of As It Is" is one of the novels of the Egyptian writer Alaa Aswani, which is a reflection of the society and events of the 2011 revolution in Egypt. This study has examined the novel "The Republic of Kan" in a descriptive-analytical manner and according to Goldman's theory of formative structuralism. By analyzing the novel in two parts: perception and explanation, examining the characters, meaningful structures, their awareness, and the political and social contexts in these two parts, it seeks to answer the following questions: Can it be said that the writing of this novel has the foundations of Goldman's theory of formative structuralism? Is its writing influenced by the conditions of society? How have meaningful structures manifested themselves in the context of society? The results obtained indicate Aswani's ability to portray the conditions and circumstances of Egyptian society and the obstacles to its change for the better, and to provide the reader with social and individual awareness of the conditions, time, and place in the form of meaningful structures and characters. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_102668.html Abstract: The violence stemming from war endures over time within society, and its impacts are reflected in artistic works in various forms. This violence, as a suppressive element within power relations, reveals the two contrasting faces of the dominant and the submissive. The novel "The Virgin of Sinjar" by Ward Badr al-Salem addresses the genocide of the Yazidis in 2014 by ISIS and is recognized as one of the first literary efforts to depict the situation of the Yazidis in this genocide. The extent of violence and assaults against the Yazidis became the central theme for several Arab novelists. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this research represents and analyzes the various dimensions of ISIS's violence against the Yazidis from the perspective of Slavoj Žižek, aiming to show how different layers of violence are represented in the novel "The Virgin of Sinjar". Žižek emphasizes the hidden aspects of violence and considers explicit violence to be the result of hidden violence. Structural, ideological, and cultural violence are among the hidden dimensions that can lead to explicit violence. The research illustrates that ISIS, with religious justifications and the philosophy of "the end justifies the means," exercises proactive violence, which is the result of the interaction of reactive and systemic violence. Using mythical violence, ISIS establishes its desired order and commits numerous atrocities. Žižek's theory demonstrates that ISIS's violence is a function of the systemic violence stemming from global capitalism and complex social, economic, and political interactions. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_102669.html Folktales and legends of One Thousand and One Nights depict the hidden desires and cognitive-behavioral states of the masses of people; in this way, they are closely related to the unconscious mind, reveal its contents, and are considered a valuable source for psychological studies. This disorder, which is in category B of the ten mental disorders, is characterized by three main characteristics: self-importance, lack of empathy, and need for admiration. Regarding the explanation of narcissism and its multiple levels, Millon's typological model is one of the most comprehensive and complete theories. Since this model will pave the way for better understanding of personalities and their mental states, it has been cited in this article. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is to explain the various layers of narcissism, the function of these layers, and the degree of convergence of the behavior of narcissistic characters with the findings of the theory in question, based on the descriptive-analytical method and Millon's ideas. The results of the study show that this disorder in the stories of One Thousand and One Nights has four levels: compensatory, Unprincipled, Amorous, elitist. The aforementioned levels play a significant role in explaining the unconscious desires of characters, advancing narrative elements, and representing the relationship between literature and society; therefore, they have literary, psychological, and sociological functions. The mental states of narcissistic characters converge with and prove the two basic principles of Millne's theory, namely, multi-layering and fusion with other psychological traumas. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_106901.html Two different intellectual schools-existential psychology and Islamic philosophy-analyze the human being and their existential concerns from two distinct perspectives. Comparing these two currents in the context of existential concerns enables a deeper understanding of fundamental concepts such as death, freedom, loneliness, and meaninglessness. It contributes to an interdisciplinary and multicultural comprehension of the nature of the human self. This comparison is not merely a step toward civilizational dialogue but also contributes to the development of local knowledge and the critique of modernity. This study relies on the comparative analytical method and is grounded in two anthropological worldviews: one secular, represented by Irvin Yalom, and the other theistic, represented by Allameh Jafari. It analyzes the existential concerns experienced by Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi, the main character in the novel A Little Death, and explores how he confronts them. The findings reveal that both thinkers regard existential concerns as fundamental issues, but their epistemological foundations differ: while Yalom is rooted in Western existentialism and searches for meaning within the individual, Jafari emphasizes divine values and external meanings. Yalom views death and loneliness as inevitable yet potentially motivating forces, whereas Jafari sees them as opportunities for spiritual elevation. The novel A Little Death presents these concepts in a narrative framework, starting with elements that are analyzable from Yalom’s perspective, and gradually shifting toward an Islamic mystical dimension. The novel is not merely a philosophical or mystical narrative; rather, it reflects the crisis of meaning and humanity’s efforts to overcome existential anxiety in pursuit of liberation. It invites the reader to reflect on their own existential condition. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_106902.html Stigma is a social phenomenon that exposes individuals to judgment and discrimination and affects the formation of individual and social identity. The present study, with a social criticism approach and based on Erving Goffman's stigma theory, examines the representation of stigma in the formation and crisis of women's and men's identities in four contemporary Arabic novels: "Handless Fingers" by Ihsan Abdel Quddous from Egypt, "Al-Kafra" by Ali Badr from Iraq, "Al-Khattiyah" by Nasrin Ballout from Lebanon, and "Imra'a Sreesia Al-Atab" by Wassini Al-Araj from Algeria; novels that have been formed in different historical and social contexts such as war-torn societies (Iraq and Lebanon) and societies in transition from tradition to modernity (Egypt and Algeria) and depict the characters' reactions to stigma in the form of submission, resistance, or redefinition of identity. The findings of the study show that stigma is not a purely gendered phenomenon and that both male and female characters are exposed to it. In the novels “Hands Without Hands” from Egypt and “A Woman of Fast-Pained Women” from Algeria, which are set in the context of societies transitioning from tradition to modernity, the stigmatized characters show different reactions, from retreat to resistance and redefinition of identity. In contrast, in the novels “Al-Kafra” from Iraq and “Al-Khatia” from Lebanon, which are narrated in the context of war and social crisis, stigmatization leads to different paths, and in “Al-Kafra” it leads to the formation of an individual and independent identity, and in “Al-Khatia” it leads to refuge in a collective and social identity. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_107349.html Geocriticism is a modern, interdisciplinary literary criticism approach that studies the complex link between literature and space, emphasizing pluralism and shifting perspectives. It also calls for a humanistic approach to shaping urban spaces and fostering a culture of empathetic and ethical coexistence among citizens. This descriptive and analytical study seeks to examine and analyze the geocritical mechanisms in Mourid Barghouthi's autobiographical novel "Ra'aytu Ram Allah", based on Bertrand Westphal's theory. The present paper attempts to demonstrate how the urban space of Ramallah in this novel transcends being a mere backdrop and becomes an active ground for the representation of identity, memory, and exile. The findings indicate that Barghouthi utilizes Westphal’s fundamental principles: Firstly, “Spatiotemporality” (chronotope) intensifies a sense of perpetual displacement and “existential alienation” through the convergence of the present time of return and the past of memories within a single location (such as the Allenby Bridge). Secondly, the concept of “Transgressivity” is reflected through the depiction of the hardships of crossing checkpoints and occupied borders, as well as the breaking of genre boundaries (combining memoir, travelogue, and poetry). Thirdly, “Referentiality” is reinforced through the interplay between the harsh reality of the occupation and the author’s imagination of his lost homeland. Furthermore, complementary mechanisms such as “Multifocalization” (especially the "migrant" or "Thirdspace" perspective) and “Stratigraphy” portray Ramallah as a “polyphonic and wounded city” where historical layers of occupation are intertwined with individual nostalgic layers. Ultimately, the geocritical analysis shows that "Ra'aytu Ram Allah" is not merely a literary document about the literature of exile, but a prime example of “writing the city” in the context of crisis and resistance, transforming the urban space into a central character and a foundation for the reconstruction of the displaced subject. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_107617.html Children's literature is one of the most important elements of a correct relationship with children, especially in oppressed societies, which helps readers to become familiar with the challenges of war and accept the reality of war with the least psychological pressure. In order to create a bridge of communication between himself and the reader, Suleiman Issa, as a children's poet, imagines a reader in his mind as a latent reader in the creation of the work and organizes his thoughts in accordance with the image he has created of the listener in his mind. Aiden Chambers, a contemporary theorist, has a comprehensive view of the latent reader, in which the latent reader is examined from four dimensions: style, favoritism, expressive gap, and perspective. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method, examines Suleiman Issa's poems based on Chambers' model in order to measure the author's success in communicating with the latent reader. The research achievement shows that the poet has an intimate connection with the latent reader by using the correct style and vocabulary appropriate to the understanding of children, and by placing the child at the center, he advocates for him and by using this method, he encourages the motivation of resistance in the children of his land; mentioning the poet's own childhood memories is one of the tricks of his advocacy for the latent reader. By creating expressive gaps, the poet gives the reader the opportunity to reflect and invites him to persevere, and from the perspective of the point of view, he is often either the third person plural or singular; which in this way gives the reader the confidence of being present in his writings. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_107618.html Salim Barakat, the Syrian-Kurdish poet and novelist, radically relocates the entire narrative geography of his novel "The Caves of Haydrahudahus" (2004) into a subterranean world confined within a cave. This research aims to dissect the multifunctional nature of this space, addressing the central question of how the cave transforms from a physical location into a complex narrative, ontological, and symbolic structure. Employing a descriptive-analytical method, the study is grounded in a integrated theoretical framework comprising Gaston Bachelard's "Poetics of Space," Mikhail Bakhtin's "Chronotope," and Michel Foucault's "Heterotopia." The findings indicate that the "cave" in this novel operates on multiple levels. As a Bakhtinian "chronotope," it freezes historical time, supplanting it with a mythic-cyclical temporality, thereby transforming humans from historical subjects into linguistic interpreters. From a "Bachelardian phenomenology" perspective, the cave possesses a dual function: it acts both as a protective "womb/shelter" and as a "grave/labyrinth" that provokes existential anxiety stemming from confinement. Finally, as a Foucauldian "heterotopia," this space becomes an "other space" and a "counter-site" that simultaneously serves as a distorting mirror of the external world and a laboratory for creating a "linguistic homeland" in the absence of a physical one. The overarching conclusion is that the cave in this novel constitutes a multifaceted metaphor for collective memory, fragmented history, and the "placeless" existential condition of modern humanity, particularly within the context of the Kurdish historical experience. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_107656.html This study offers a comparative reading of selected works by Badr Shakir al-Sayyab, examining two classical poems—“I Broke a Chain of Shackles” and “Hurricanes”—and two free verse poems—“A Poem to the Rebellious Iraq” and “A City Without Rain.” The aim is to uncover the role of poetic structure in representing social and human concerns and broader cultural transformations. The study adopts a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework, focusing on the linguistic structure, metaphorical imagery, and lexical configurations in al-Sayyab’s poetry across both classical and free verse forms. The analysis operates on three levels: the textual level, the level of discursive practice, and the level of social practice. The findings demonstrate that the classical form, with its metrical and rhyming constraints, while endowing the poem with epic solidity and symbolic force, often restricts the direct articulation of lived experience and the concrete realities of individuals during periods of social crisis. It tends to compel the poet toward generalization and the selection of abstract or grand, totalizing metaphors. By contrast, free verse—characterized by structural flexibility, variation in line length, and openness in linguistic choices—enables a more precise and dynamic representation of everyday life, suffering, hope, and collective experience. Within this form, al-Sayyab is able to present tangible images of nature, society, and social processes in a direct and multilayered manner. This is evident in the image of the melting ice of economic corruption or the withering and revival of branches in “A Poem to the Rebellious Iraq,” as well as in the depiction of water scarcity and drought in “A City Without Rain.” The comparison between the two poetic forms reveals that al-Sayyab’s transition from classical poetry to free verse was not https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_108229.html Teun van Dijk’s later theory, titled mental models of context, provides a framework for explaining the editing of information within the participants’ cognition. This theory, by integrating personal and social knowledge domains, explicates the author as one of the participants in the discourse. A qualitative analysis of the content of Unless Touched by Fire is limited to highlighting its philosophical and literary aspects, while a critical analysis can reveal the novel’s connection to the real world and power relations. Furthermore, examining the author’s philosophical perspective on humanity and reason reveals their literary style and techniques for employing philosophical and social knowledge. Thus, considering philosophical knowledge as one of the mental components of discourse construction, the present study aims to investigate the application of Nietzsche’s Übermensch theory through the lens of Van Dijk’s socio-cognitive approach. In this study, the detailed and overall structure of the discourse is directly addressed, while the perceptual structure, acting as an interface between these two aforementioned structures, is implicitly considered. The novelist, employing linguistic strategies within the detailed discourse structure, has created a context to marginalize the negative aspects of the in-group (Nadīm) and emphasize the negative aspects of the out-group (Eskandar Bēk). Subsequently, within the overall discourse structure and in the dialectic between the Iraqi mind and society, the issue of power is addressed. The author’s supported ideology is presented in the opening sentence of the novel. The novel Unless Touched by Fire ostensibly narrates the story of a young man named Nadīm, whose life events have driven him to madness. However, a critical examination reveals that this novel is a manifestation of the author’s subjective context, critiquing the prevailing political and social atmosphere. It proposes a re-evaluation of human values, including reason, as a way to overcome the crisis confronting Iraqi society.