https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/ Arabic Literature en daily 1 Fri, 20 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Fri, 20 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_104401.html In recent decades, Arabic poetry has undergone a profound transformation in its structure and function. It is no longer merely a means of aesthetic or personal expression, but rather a central discourse for questioning reality, exposing hidden structures of power, and representing the cultural and political tensions tearing Arab societies apart. In this context, the poet Adonis's experience stands out as an advanced model of modernist poetry, which goes beyond mere representation, but rather engages in deconstructing and reproducing prevailing cultural and ideological structures through critical interpretive methods. His poem "Orbits of the Orchestra of the Hundred-Year Islamic-Islamic War?" is a telling example of this endeavor, reflecting the struggle of the self against systems of hegemony and attempting to establish a poetic horizon that reshapes..This research begins with a fundamental question: How does the poetic discourse in this poem contribute to reshaping collective consciousness and cultural identities in the Arab world, away from stereotypical representations and ideological repetition? From this perspective, the research seeks to explore the poetic and symbolic tools the text employs to create a different discourse that intersects with concepts of power, self, and reality, through a critical vision that transcends the political surface to the symbolic interior. The research adopts the method of critical discourse analysis as developed by Norman Fairclough, through three stages: description, interpretation, and clarification, to reveal the mechanisms of meaning formation within the text and its relationship to the surrounding social, cultural, and political contexts. The research results revealed that the poetic discourse in this poem not only reflects reality, but also reproduces it through images and metaphors that engage in symbolic resistance, opening the way for a new awareness that transcends isolation and proposes critical possibilities for dismantling power and liberating the self from the constraints of the dominant discourse. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_102851.html Characterization is an important element in literary work, especially plays,because the writer can portray the characters in the theater to the audience brilliantly and efficiently. If we want to measure and evaluate these characters accurately, then we must not use personality theories in psychology; The most famous is Jordon Allport's theory of personality, which divides characters into main, central, and secondary traits. These attributes are part of a healthy and mature personality, the characteristics of which are reflected in the play and include the elements of self-concept expansion, intimate communication with others, emotional security, realistic awareness, skills and duties, true self-image, and a unified philosophy of life that summarizes our understanding of our actions and behavior. This research aims at the psychological analysis of the characters in the play " Mother's Salam play " by Fatima Abdullah, based on the theory of Jordon Allpurt, using the al-Qaim descriptive analytical method. The results of the study indicate that the main traits, such as the courage and bravery of Amina's sons and the spouses, and the central traits, such as the courage of Amina, and the secondary traits, such as the anger of Zeinab Khatiba Abdullah, are represented in the play. The author portrayed the elements of a healthy and mature personality, such as expanding the concept of self: Ma'eel Abbas and his jihad, intimate communication with others: Masoud's sympathy with Amina's sister, emotional security: Ahmad not going to war and respecting his mother because of worries about what happened to her before, realistic perception: Amina's joining the resistance at the end of the play, skills and duties: Amina's nursing, true self image: courage and courage of Amina's sons and couples Al-Shaheed, Philosophy of Al-Hayat al-Mawhada: The freedom of resistance figures. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_98428.html Halliday's functional theory is one of the important theories in the systematic vision. According to Halliday, meaning is divided into three sections, each of which complements the other. Halliday expressed it as the three functions of language: the experiential function, the communicative function, and the textual function. In the experiential function, we express our experiences in relation to external reality, and language becomes a mirror of life. The experiential function is one of the functions that represent to us the miniature and tested experiential model of external reality. But does the author have a role in stating his intention in relation to this reality? The important thing in Halliday's approach is the issue of choosing between different meanings; that is, in his use of language, he believes in the importance of the linguistic possibilities that language itself provides, and they go back to the author/writer who chooses a meaning instead of a meaning from among the unlimited and multiple possibilities of language according to the text he writes. As Halliday sees it, the possibility of language is the possibility of meaning. Therefore, this study seeks to analyze the six operations of the experiential function in Surat Al-Anfal and to clarify the author's position and role in choosing their type, because the meaning and content of the text are involved in choosing the type of the six operations. (i.e. material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal, and existential). The question posed in this study is: What are the most and least employed operations and their effectiveness in clarifying the author's intention in Surat Al-Anfal? The research method in this descriptive analytical article is to analyze Surat Al-Anfal according to Halliday's experimental function and apply its six operations to the surah to reveal its relationship. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_101530.html A crucial element in the creation of creative works, especially poetry, is time. Poetry encompasses the past, present, and future and is therefore inherently entwined with time. In poetry, time is more than just a chronological order; it is an artistic dimension that allows the poet to traverse historical levels and examine human mind.. Because of this interaction, poets are able to produce complex, multifaceted poetic experiences that appeal to readers' emotions as well as their intellect. The time dimension is a fundamental component of the "poetic space," or the world the poet depicts, which is made up of interrelated aspects. A poet creates a unique temporal landscape when writing a poem. They may project hopes and fears into the future, recollect old experiences, or totally absorb the details of the present. Poetry's richness, complexity, and life are derived from the interweaving of these temporal dimensions. This dissertation uses Gérard Genette's narrative theory as a framework to analyze the temporal space in Fadhil Ibrahim Al-Hamdani's poetry using a descriptive technique and content analysis. According to the study, Al-Hamdani's poetry exhibits a distinctive temporal structure that combines linear progression and interactive dynamics, combining internal time—which reflects the poet's self-awareness—with exterior time, which is connected to material reality, to create a cohesive temporal fabric. To create this chronological structure, the poet uses a variety of narrative approaches. Foreshadowing (anticipation) is used to express individual viewpoints and allude to potential futures, whereas flashbacks (retrospection) are used to record human experiences and conjure past events. While ellipses and summary are used to condense lengthy passages, descriptive pauses, scenic descriptions, and dialogues are used to slow down the story and elaborate on themes. This enables the poet to condense complicated ideas into succinct and powerful expressions. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_99012.html AbstractThe novel is a long fictional prose genre that relies on imagination and consists of several elements and components. These elements are interconnected with each other within specific relationships; one of these elements and components is the character element (personage), which is a central element and a fundamental component in every narrative, as a novel cannot be imagined without characters. Due to the importance of this topic, we studied the characters and their different types in the novel "Gha'ib" by the Iraqi writer Batoul Al-Khuḍayri according to the theory of the French critic and theorist Philippe Hamon on the semiotics of the character, which is based on four principles:Hamon classified them into three categories: referential characters, indexical characters, and evocative characters.The results of the descriptive-analytical research indicate that the characters of this novel are symbolic characters used by the author to express her ideas. Through these characters, she has depicted the political, economic, and social reality of Iraq during the period of wars and the imposed siege. These characters can also be considered social characters because each of them has a social role in Iraqi society at that time. The meaning and descriptive level of the characters is expressed through the presentation of the story's heroine. The author has paid great attention to providing the reader with the intellectual and mental level of the characters, as well as their physical, psychological, and social characteristics. The author's choice of names for the characters was deliberate and not random, and it achieved its readability throughout the text https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_96838.html Developmental Structuralism in the Story of "Abur sekak Al-hāra wa nāī fī jabī" by Omani author Hamad al-Mukhinī based on Lucien Goldman's theoryAbstractSociology is a science that studies human societies and how they are affected by events. The relationship between literature and society is a reciprocal one in which literature is influenced by society and vice versa. The sociology of literature has undergone many changes since its inception and one of the theories that has contributed to this transformation is theories (Lucien Goldman's developmental structuralism). There are many writers who paid attention to their societies and its events, and the Omani writer Hamad al-Mukhinī did not shy away from the issues of his society, but addressed them in his texts.The present study, following the critique of the developmental structuralism of the story "Abur sekak Al-hāra wa nāī fī jabī", has adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and examine the components of this theory in the story. The most important axes that the research reached results in, including: The story worldview is revealed through the possible consciousness of the narrator/young person, in a way, he was pursuing his dream and realizing it, although he had opponents in this way. In addition to the issues that the author has considered in the course of the story, Social customs and traditions affecting the behavior of social groups, domestic violence Or father against wife and child and superstitions.Keywords: Developmental Structuralism, Short Story, Omani contemporary literature, Lucien Goldman, Hamad Al-Mukhinī. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_99839.html The novels of the Moroccan novelist Abd elah Ben Arafa are distinguished by the frequent symbolic use of letters, numbers and shapes. His novelistic experience is a luminous study of understanding the relationships between words and shapes and their corresponding numbers in the abjad system as Sufi philosophical symbols. In all of this, he is influenced by Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi in his book Al-Futuhat Al-Makkiyya according to his Sufi vision of the world. Among the twelve mystical novels that ibn Arafa has produced since the beginning of the third millennium, his trilogy, Jabal Qaf, Bahr Nun, and Bilad Sad, is distinguished by absorbing its intellectual reference from the Sufi heritage and its figures, especially Ibn Arabi, in the essence of human existence and the absolute divine self, and re-broadcasting it in a new narrative position, as it is full of letters, numbers, and shapes with mystical and Sufi connotations that come in continuous interaction with the previous idea. This study, with its descriptive and analytical approach, seeks to trace the symbolism of numbers, letters and shapes and decipher their codes according to the views of the Sufis, especially the idea of Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi in the unity of being, which is considered the first influence on the thinking of Abd elah Ibn Arafa. The study concluded that the letters, shapes and numbers in Ibn Arafa’s trilogy have transcended their lexical meanings and the novelist has given them a spiritual glow that is consistent with the Sufi idea. Ibn Arafa quoted the titles of his three novels about the separate letters of the Qur’an to demonstrate the Sufi idea of letters as a divine secret that aims to know and witness God. In his three novels, the novelist repeated some numbers such as seven, twelve, four, https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_98061.html nvestigation and analysis of metaphoric-imaginary schemas in the "Al-alaviyat"epic by Mohammad Abd al-Muttalib based on Likaf and Johnson's theory. According to scholars of rhetoric and traditional and classical linguists, metaphor is word-oriented and limited and exclusive to words. According to them, metaphor is used only in literature and has an aesthetic aspect. But in cognitive linguistics, looking at metaphor is very broad and metaphor is concept-oriented, not word-oriented. From the perspective of cognitive linguistics, not only literature, but also language, including literary language, is the manifestation of conceptual structures such as metaphors, metaphors, and imaginary schemas in the human mind. According to George Likoff and Mark Johnson, metaphor is a means of thinking that is present in human behavior, including language behavior. The present article aims to study and analyze imaginary metaphors in Al-alaviyat by Mohammad Abd al-Muttalib according to the theory of Likaf and Johnson. The results indicate that the poet has conceptualized the abstract and abstract concepts well by means of objective concepts by using the three schemes (volume, power and movement) and beautifully depicted intangible and abstract concepts. After the investigations, it was determined; Out of the total imaginary schemes used in this supplement, 65 percent are volumetric, 18 percent are movement and 17 percent are strength. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_99108.html Applying psychological theories in reading children's stories can bring new horizons to the audience and show the role of stories in improving the educational level of children. William Glaser's theory of choice is one of the new perspectives of psychology which with a realistic approach and with an emphasis on internal control, considers human behavior to be derived from his five internal needs. It means the need for survival, the need for love and belonging, the need for strength and progress, the need for freedom and the need for fun. Children identify with the characters in the story and try to imitate their behavior; therefore, the use of choice theory in the analysis of children's stories can discover new dimensions of the characters in the story and their behavior to satisfy their needs and provide the ground for writers to write in their works according to the needs of children and take an effective step in the direction of children's moral education. Therefore, in the current research, the authors try to answer the main question in a descriptive-analytical way and using the theory of choice, which of the basic needs of the mentioned theory has a more prominent appearance in the story "Princess of the Golden Palace" by Mohammad Atiya Al-Ibrashi and what behaviors do the characters of the story choose against their needs. The results of the research show that in this story, the need for love and belonging is the most obvious need that has been paid attention to and after that, the need for survival, the need for power and progress, the need for fun, and the need for freedom have a high frequency. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_99648.html The present study investigates the signs of the story "Al-Hi Al-Latini" by the Lebanese novelist Sohail Idris (1924) based on the conditions and mechanisms of emotional semiotics. Emotional semiotics takes its essence from action semiotics; Therefore, before action, there is feeling; Therefore, feelings and emotions are very important; Because there is no literary act without emotions; Therefore, the necessity of a method that includes all the ways of meaning is necessary. Among these methods, considering the emotional and psychological dimension through openness to the essence, body and emotions, which is evident in the researches of Grimas and Fontani, who tried to give Shush credibility again. Based on this, the present research examines the emotions that the hero has in his lived experience in the story. The premise of his research is that boredom is the most important emotion of the narrative, from which the main meaning is realized. The research method is a descriptive-analytical method, where we implement Fontan's emotional method on the discourse of the mentioned narrative, in a critical effort. The results of the discussion indicate that boredom is the most important emotion in the narrative, which causes the hero of the story to be in an emotional state rather than in an active state, and in order to overcome this boredom, he becomes an elusive person and Reality escapes from the hands of the police. Also, the results of the discussion show that all efforts of emotions produce nothing but nothing; Because the hero walks in the bed of weak emotions; Something that causes him to subside and suppress his feelings and brings him to the zero point and nowhere, where boredom welcomes him with open arms and traps him, whether he is in Lebanon or in France This strengthens the main hypothesis of the research. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_99834.html Analysis of the Semiosphere in Wadih Sa'adeh’s Poetry Collection Al-Miyah Al-Miyah Based on Yuri Lotman’s Theory Abstract An isolated analysis of signs does not yield comprehensive results. It is essential to examine signs within broader, universal contexts for more effective outcomes. In this regard, the theory of the semiosphere by the Russian theorist Yuri Lotman is worthy of attention and analysis. According to this theory, all signs are interconnected and are reproduced within a specific, limited cultural and abstract space. This sphere enables a correct analysis of signs and creates coherence within the literary text itself, providing a suitable framework for the precise analysis of literary works. Rejection, differentiation, and absorption are the three main components of this theory, which examines how signs are formed and lead to the creation of a semiosphere. This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach to investigate the poem Al-Miyah Al-Miyah by Lebanese poet Wadih Sa'adeh based on this theory, aiming to analyze the semiosphere formed within the work and its role in creating discourse and meaning. The results indicate that the poet has rejected abstract elements from his semiosphere, erased the boundaries between himself and nature and water, and attempted to convey an environmental discourse by absorbing elements of nature https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_100149.html The ancient Greek heritage and especially the myths of that land have an active presence in contemporary Palestinian poetry and are considered one of the important instruments of that poetry. The myth of Icarus is one of the important myths that has attracted the attention of Palestinian poets. This myth, due to having a set of contradictory concepts in it, including captivity by the enemy, passion for flight, trying to overcome adverse conditions, ascensionism, desire for immortality on the one hand, and narcissism, false self-confidence, Paying attention to the advices of wise old man and the fall and failure on the other hand, provided this ground for the mentioned poets to take inspiration from that ancient experience and outline their wishes with a new look, considering the political and social conditions governing Palestine. and discuss their personal and non-personal experiences and convey their mental concepts to poetic audiences with a more artistic interpretation. In the light of the prominent presence of the myth of Icarus in contemporary Palestinian poetry and the important role of that mythical figure in conveying some concepts, the present research tries to reveal the reading of the myth of Icarus by contemporary Palestinian poets with a qualitative approach and descriptive-analytical method. The poets who were inspired by the above-mentioned myth in six songs are Ezzeddin Manasera, Samih Al-Qasim and Jabra Ibrahim Jabra. The investigation shows that the studied poets have involved the mythical character of Icarus more in the dark and dramatic atmosphere and that character is mainly responsible for bitter political and social experiences. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_100376.html complete understanding of discourse requires going beyond mere lexical-grammatical analysis and utilizing modern linguistic approaches. One effective tool in this regard is Grice's Cooperative Principle and the implicatures that arise from violations of its four maxims (quantity, quality, relation, and manner). This study aims to explore the implied meanings in the play Watani 'Akka by the Egyptian writer Sharqawi, who, in his works on resistance literature, places more emphasis on the concepts of resistance from a literary perspective. Given that the play is centered around dialogue between characters, the dialogic interaction between Palestinian fighters as the "self" and Zionists as the "other" is examined throughout the themes of the play. The analysis shows that the maxims of quantity (through verbosity and brevity) and manner (through the use of relative pronouns like "we" and "I") are the most frequently violated in all three types of dialogues: (self-self), (self-other), and (other-other). Verbosity is used for emphasis, reasoning, quoting leaders, persuasion, and emotional expression, while brevity is employed in critical moments. The violation of the maxim of manner is used to generalize concepts of friendship or enmity, implicitly reference the role of the West and the United States in supporting Zionism, and address issues of life, death, and martyrdom. The study also reveals that assertive speech acts are predominantly used to convey truths related to Zionism and the fighters' operations, while directive speech acts are employed for commands, prohibitions, and rhetorical questions to convey the concepts of resistance, highlight the Zionists' weakness, and emphasize the fighters' logic. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_100456.html Critiquing the methodological processes underlying new critical approaches to the legacy of eloquent rhetoric necessitates understanding the deviant ideas dominating rhetoric. ʻᾹbid Jābirī (1936) drawing on modern humanities developed the intellectual project of "Critique of Arab Reason" across Arabic heritage. under the pretext of engaging with heritage, and through a unified critical approach and two different methods; he provides a critical reading of the views of rhetorical thinkers. He assumes Jurjānī (d. 471 AH) under the divergent thought in the project of "Critique of Arab Reason," framing him negatively by equating his rational method with the institutionalization of analogical thinking, which imposed a type of stagnation on rhetoric. The present study aims to explore how Jābirī's critical reading and methodology regarding the two concepts of "Analogy" and the "System of reasoning" of Jurjānī are based on critical-thinking paradigms using a qualitative approach and inductive method. The results indicated that Jābirī's main opposition to ʻAbd al-Qāhir lies in Jurjānī's epistemology. Moreover, he views "Analogy" and the "System of reasoning" as the foundational elements of Jurjānī's epistemological approach. Jābirī sees no similarity between Jurjānī and Aristotle, emphasizing the difference between philosophical and religious methods; rather, he believes that Jurjānī's method of reasoning and inferences are foreign to the essence of rhetoric. He describes ʻAbd al-Qāhir's rational system as a dead form of reason in the study of rhetoric, due to the necessity to adhere to meaning. Therefore, according to Jābirī, Jurjānī's argumentative formulation is governed by a type of subjectivism. He prefers demonstrative analogy over expressive analogy for engaging with rhetoric. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_100646.html One of the fundamental concepts of cognitive linguistics is the concept of image schemas. Schema theory suggests that many of the more complex human concepts are explained by simple empirical patterns. Analyzing image schemas as a critical tool helps us have a more meaningful connection with the outside world. The present study attempts to examine the concepts of three groups of visual schemas, such as volumetric, power, and movement schemas, in Kamal Nasser's poems using Johnson's linguistic approach, using a descriptive-analytical method. And explain the poet's worldview with the help of these schemas. One of Kamal's poetic characteristics is his focus on social themes, which is why he was able to express the state of his society. The results of the research show that the volumetric schema implies concepts such as shared and collective grief. The power schema refers to the occupying enemy, colonization, the establishment of the Jewish state, and resistance. The movement schema also contains the concepts of the return and movement of the Palestinians to their homeland, the advance of death toward them, and the rapid passage of time. And among these types of schemas, the schema of power of the type of obstacle has a more prominent presence. The poet's worldview is also a combination of the struggle for human and social rights, faith in the ability of the mujahideen, intolerance of oppression, and love for society. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_100647.html The semiotic theory of "Umberto Eco" examines the symbolic systems of a text in the historical, social and cultural context of their production, and based on this, the interpretation process of each work is based on the dialectic of the text and the reader. Works such as "Islam Bela Daffaf" written by Yusuf Idris, a famous Egyptian writer, as a realistic work in which the problems of Egypt and the Islamic world are processed and the situation of Arab countries are presented alongside the hegemonic policies of the West, are a suitable platform for the application of this theory in order to discover hidden angles. It is the effect and presentation of a new reading of it. In Eco's view, the interpretive reading of any sign is basically a cultural and sensitive issue to the social issue, and its interpretation process should be provided in the historical, social and cultural context of the work and through the dialectic of the text and the reader. Works such as "Islam Bela Zafaf" written by Youssef Idris, as a realistic work that deals with the problems of Egypt and the Islamic world, is a suitable platform for following and discovering signs based on this approach. Based on this, the present research, with a descriptive-analytical method, based on the eco-semiotic approach, investigated the Egyptian character in the research sample and came to the following conclusion: three issues of contamination of value systems, women and their legitimate freedoms, and the ancient civilization and rich culture of Egypt. The main themes of dealing with the Egyptian personality in the book are taunting the reactionary Islamists, the author's way to deal with the dimensions of the Egyptian personality And the discussion of common themes such as the change of value systems in the works of Egyptian thinkers. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_100648.html The term pedagogy is a term in the field of education and refers to the method of education. Children are taught in two ways, direct and indirect (play). Play and drama are used to learn complex concepts so that the child learns them in the best way. One of these concepts is sustainable literature, which has attracted the attention of many writers in this era. In order to teach this concept, it is necessary to act in such a way that it has the greatest importance in children, and perhaps the best way to teach this difficult concept is through games and performances. In this essay, the authors have analyzed the play “The Bassous War will never happen” by Jamil Hamdawi, a Moroccan writer, from the perspective of the pedagogy of sustainable literature, with a descriptive-analytical method, and are looking for answers to the questions that the pedagogy of the concept of sustainability with what patterns in the text it has been shown. The results of these investigations indicate that the author has succeeded in teaching the concept of sustainability to children by using text patterns. Through the story of Abel and Cain, he taught children that war has negative and destructive effects and that peace and unity is the best way to resist and sustain. Therefore, Hamdawi can be considered as a successful pedagogue in the field of sustainability literature, who, using plays, teaches the principles of sustainability to small audiences and guides them to constructive solutions. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_101529.html Jung's theory of archetypes transcended the realm of psychology and entered the domains of literature and mythology. According to this theory, humans possess not only a personal unconscious but also a collective unconscious, which encompasses universal and timeless patterns that have persisted in the human psyche since antiquity. Mythological literature is examined and analyzed as a field for the manifestation and expression of this collective unconscious. In this research, *One Thousand and One Nights*, as a rich and enduring literary heritage, is taken as the basis for a Jungian archetypal reading through a descriptive-analytical approach. By exploring the relationship between the collective unconscious, archetypes, and literature, the study demonstrates how the application of archetypes in the tale of "Ghanim bin Ayyub and Qut al-Qulub" from *One Thousand and One Nights* serves as a platform for deepening the narrative and revealing the collective unconscious and archetypes through literature. The presence of these archetypal elements, which date back to the history of humanity, is among the factors contributing to the enduring nature of such works. The interaction of these archetypes throughout the narrative depicts a process of crisis, transformation, and evolution. Thus, literature and storytelling enable the audience to experience this path of evolution through identification with the narrative, allowing them to internalize this journey within their own unconscious. By drawing on archetypes and myths, literature bridges the gap between humanity's collective unconscious and individual experiences, facilitating a deeper understanding of self-awareness and personal evolution. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_101923.html Sociological criticism of the novel is a method of literary criticism that deals with the mutual influence of literary texts and society. Goldman's formative structuralism criticism is one of the types of sociological criticism in which it examines the relationship between literary structure and the structure of society. Goldman, relying on the topics of this theory such as totality, worldview, possible consciousness, and objectification, explores the society created in the work and examines its similarity to real society. The novel "The Republic of As It Is" is one of the novels of the Egyptian writer Alaa Aswani, which is a reflection of the society and events of the 2011 revolution in Egypt. This study has examined the novel "The Republic of Kan" in a descriptive-analytical manner and according to Goldman's theory of formative structuralism. By analyzing the novel in two parts: perception and explanation, examining the characters, meaningful structures, their awareness, and the political and social contexts in these two parts, it seeks to answer the following questions: Can it be said that the writing of this novel has the foundations of Goldman's theory of formative structuralism? Is its writing influenced by the conditions of society? How have meaningful structures manifested themselves in the context of society? The results obtained indicate Aswani's ability to portray the conditions and circumstances of Egyptian society and the obstacles to its change for the better, and to provide the reader with social and individual awareness of the conditions, time, and place in the form of meaningful structures and characters. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_102237.html Humans utilize language for communication and the transmission of thought, structuring their objectives and intentions within its framework. Pragmatics, or the study of language use, prioritizes the communicative functions of language. One such function is persuasion, achieved through argumentative techniques that influence the syntactic structure of sentences. Among modern grammatical theories, Simon Dik’s Functional Grammar, later adopted by Ahmad al-Mutawakkil, adopts a pragmatic approach to sentence structure, emphasizing the pragmatic roles and communicative goals of linguistic elements. This descriptive-analytical study investigates the interplay between argumentative techniques and components of Functional Grammar in the Thirty-First Letter of Nahj al-Balagha. The findings reveal that the interrogative focus in the letter overlaps with rhetorical questioning, serving as a strategy to internalize beliefs in the audience’s mind. The complementary focus aligns with textual citations, functioning as a mechanism to expand the audience’s semantic horizon and encourage action. The focal chain resembles a pragmatic continuum, grading the hierarchical levels of argumentation from Imam Ali’s (AS) perspective. Additionally, contrastive focus, through focalization, establishes the groundwork for argumentation and stabilizes reasoning. Modal adjuncts in Imam Ali’s (AS) discourse, reflecting his commitment to the occurrence of events, play a role in reinforcing or weakening argumentative propositions. Keywords: Functional Grammar, Simon Dik, Ahmad al-Mutawakkil, Pragmatics, Argumentation, Nahj al-Balagha. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_102668.html Abstract: The violence stemming from war endures over time within society, and its impacts are reflected in artistic works in various forms. This violence, as a suppressive element within power relations, reveals the two contrasting faces of the dominant and the submissive. The novel "The Virgin of Sinjar" by Ward Badr al-Salem addresses the genocide of the Yazidis in 2014 by ISIS and is recognized as one of the first literary efforts to depict the situation of the Yazidis in this genocide. The extent of violence and assaults against the Yazidis became the central theme for several Arab novelists. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this research represents and analyzes the various dimensions of ISIS's violence against the Yazidis from the perspective of Slavoj Žižek, aiming to show how different layers of violence are represented in the novel "The Virgin of Sinjar". Žižek emphasizes the hidden aspects of violence and considers explicit violence to be the result of hidden violence. Structural, ideological, and cultural violence are among the hidden dimensions that can lead to explicit violence. The research illustrates that ISIS, with religious justifications and the philosophy of "the end justifies the means," exercises proactive violence, which is the result of the interaction of reactive and systemic violence. Using mythical violence, ISIS establishes its desired order and commits numerous atrocities. Žižek's theory demonstrates that ISIS's violence is a function of the systemic violence stemming from global capitalism and complex social, economic, and political interactions. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_102669.html Folktales and legends of One Thousand and One Nights depict the hidden desires and cognitive-behavioral states of the masses of people; in this way, they are closely related to the unconscious mind, reveal its contents, and are considered a valuable source for psychological studies. This disorder, which is in category B of the ten mental disorders, is characterized by three main characteristics: self-importance, lack of empathy, and need for admiration. Regarding the explanation of narcissism and its multiple levels, Millon's typological model is one of the most comprehensive and complete theories. Since this model will pave the way for better understanding of personalities and their mental states, it has been cited in this article. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is to explain the various layers of narcissism, the function of these layers, and the degree of convergence of the behavior of narcissistic characters with the findings of the theory in question, based on the descriptive-analytical method and Millon's ideas. The results of the study show that this disorder in the stories of One Thousand and One Nights has four levels: compensatory, Unprincipled, Amorous, elitist. The aforementioned levels play a significant role in explaining the unconscious desires of characters, advancing narrative elements, and representing the relationship between literature and society; therefore, they have literary, psychological, and sociological functions. The mental states of narcissistic characters converge with and prove the two basic principles of Millne's theory, namely, multi-layering and fusion with other psychological traumas. https://jalit.ut.ac.ir/article_103167.html This article examines figurative expressions as a formal device in Bashari al-Bustani's poetry and, within the framework of perception theory, analyzes such expressions as a tool for a deeper understanding of poetry and cultural communication. Reception theory, which emphasizes the active role of the reader in analyzing the text, is based on the principle that meanings are created not only in the text but also in the reader's interactions with it. The present discussion examines the impact of figurative language on human emotions and experiences, and also considers their importance in conveying deep social and cultural messages. The necessity of this research is due to the lack of comprehensive studies in the field of the influence of figurative expressions on literary and cultural processes in contemporary Arabic poetry, and specifically in the poetry of Bashari al-Bustani. Therefore, it attempts to clarify the reflection of cultural and social interactions in al-Bustani's poetry by using qualitative and analytical methodologies. The results of the research show that figurative expressions in Bostani's poetry act as a driving force for creating deep and diverse connotations and help reconstruct social and cultural meaning. Also, by analyzing the emotional, visual, and social implications in Bashari Al-Bustani's poetry, it was determined that the poet, by using figurative expressions, has been able to identify and highlight important themes such as national identity, femininity, and social disabilities.