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How to write references and sources

Citation and Referencing Style Guide

Sources

For citations, use the American Psychological Association (APA) style. To increase efficiency and ease, you can use software like Microsoft Word or EndNote.

  • In the English References list, all Persian citations must be translated into English. Use Times New Roman font, size 11 pt. Book titles and journal names should be italicized.

Important Notes on References:

  1. Source Types:Table 3 below shows the format for citing books and articles. For other sources (theses, research reports, government statistics, unpublished materials, websites, audio/video files, etc.), please consult the full APA style guide. All formatting elements shown as examples in Table 3 (issue number in parentheses, italicized journal/thesis/book titles, etc.) must be strictly followed.
  2. Completeness:References must be written in full, not abbreviated. For journals (both Persian and English), include in this order: Journal Name (italicized), Volume, (Issue Number in parentheses): Start Page–End Page. (See Table 3).
  3. Books:For book references (both Persian and English), always include the publisher and the city of publication. (See Table 3).
  4. Theses/Dissertations:For theses or doctoral dissertations (both Persian and English), include the university and its city. (See Table 3).
  5. Conferences:For conference proceedings, the exact date and location of the conference are mandatory.

 

Important Notes for Persian In-Text Citations:

  • All in-text citations must be written in Persian (even for English sources).
  • For in-text citations, do not use the words "others" (دیگران) or "colleagues" (همکاران). Write all author names unless there are more than three authors.

 

Important Notes for the English References List:

  • Under the "References" section at the end of the document, you must include allsources—both originally English and those translated from Persian.
  • For translating Persian sources, please refer to the original source's official English title page or seek assistance from a translator. Google Translate will not provide an adequate result.
  • Always add (in Persian)at the end of any reference that was originally in Persian and has been translated.
  • All entries in the References list must be sorted alphabetically.

Table 3: Correct Citation Format for In-Text and End-of-Text References

Type of Source

In-Text Citation

Reference List Entry

Persian/English Article

(First Author's Last Name et al., Year)

Author1 Last Name, First Initial., & Author2 Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), Start Page–End Page.

Example: Persian Article

(Taghavā, Mansouri, & Feizi, 2016)

Taghavā, M., Mansouri, A., Feizi, K., & Akhgar, B. (2016). Fraud detection in bank card transactions using parallel anomaly processing in big data. Information Technology Management, *8*(3), 477–498.

Example: English Article

(Cordella & Iannacci, 2010)

Cordella, A., & Iannacci, F. (2010). Information systems in the public sector: The e-Government enactment framework. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, *19*(4), 52–66.

Example: Translated Persian Article

(Moghimi & Alaei Ardakani, 2011)

Moghimi, M., & Alaei Ardakani, M. (2011). Measuring good governance factors and e-government role in enhancing it. Journal of Information Technology Management, *19*(4), 171–188. (in Persian)

Persian/English Book

(First Author's Last Name et al., Year, p. xx)

Author1 Last Name, First Initial., & Author2 Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Book Title. City, Country: Publisher.

Example: Persian Book

(Seyed Javadein, 2004, pp. 53-82)

Seyed Javadein, S. R. (2004). Fundamentals of human resources management. Tehran, Iran: University of Tehran Press (UTP). (in Persian)

Example: English Book

(Diaz-Rico, 2008, p. 144)

Diaz-Rico, L. T. (2008). A course for teaching English learners. Boston, MA: Pearson.

 

Important Editorial Notes

  • Numbering:Use numbers followed by a period; like the numbering in this section.
  • Spacing with Punctuation:Do not put a space before a period, comma, semicolon, colon, question mark, or exclamation mark. However, you must put a space after these punctuation marks.
  • Parentheses:When using parentheses, put a space before the opening parenthesis and after the closing parenthesis. The text inside the parentheses should have no space next to the parentheses themselves.
  • Half-Spaces (ZWNJ):Use half-spaces for compound words, certain verbs, and similar terms (e.g., انسان‌ها, می‌رود, تصمیم‌گیری, اندازه‌گیری, بهره‌مند, منطقه‌ای, همان‌گونه). Example: می خواهم (incorrect) vs. می‌خواهم (correct). In Microsoft Word, use Ctrl + Shift + 2 to create a half-space.
  • Percent Sign:Use the word "percent" (درصد) instead of the symbol (%) in the main text. Example: 25 درصد.
  • Arabic Kasheeda (ـه/ـی):Based on the new directive from the Academy of Persian Language and Literature, avoid using (ه‌ی). Use the hamza (ۀ) instead where necessary.

 

Sample References Section

A sample references section is provided below.

منابع (Sources) [This heading may continue on the same page]
نام خانوادگی، نام. (سال). عنوان مقاله. عنوان مجله، دوره(شماره)، صفحه.
نام خانوادگی، نام. (سال). عنوان کتاب. شهر: ناشر.

References [This heading must start on a new page]
Anna, N. E. V., & Mannan, E. F. (2020). Big data adoption in academic libraries: A literature review. Library Hi Tech News, *37*(4), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-11-2019-0079
Cox, C., & Tzoc, E. (2023). ChatGPT: Implications for academic libraries. College and Research Libraries News, *84*(3), 99. https://doi.org/10.5860/crln.84.3.99
Ferdowsizadeh, S., Noruzi, A., Ghanbarzadeh, M., & Zadnajaf, K. (2024). Application of long tail theory in digital bookstores. Library and Information Sciences, *27*(2), 109-138. https://doi.org/10.30481/lis.2024.445273.2144 (in Persian)
Gayton, J. T. (2008). Academic libraries: “Social” or “communal?” The nature and future of academic libraries. Journal of Academic Librarianship, *34*(1), 60-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2007.11.011
Liu, L., & Liu, W. (2023). The engagement of academic libraries in open science: A systematic review. Journal of Academic Librarianship, *49*(3), 102711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2023.102711
Lippincott, J. K. (2010). A mobile future for academic libraries. Reference Services Review, *38*(2), 205-213. https://doi.org/10.1108/00907321011044981
Mabona, A., Van Greunen, D., & Kevin, K. (2024, May). Integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in academic libraries: A systematic literature review. In *2024 IST-Africa Conference (IST-Africa)* (pp. 1-9). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.23919/IST-Africa63983.2024.10569288
Sabzalian, R., Noruzi, A., & Nazari, M. (2021). Study of customer journey map in electronic bookshops. Academic Librarianship and Information Research, *55*(4), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.22059/jlib.2022.340459.1599 (in Persian)
Shal, T., Ghamrawi, N., & Naccache, H. (2024). Leadership styles and AI acceptance in academic libraries in higher education. Journal of Academic Librarianship, *50*(2), 102849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2024.102849