Arabic Literature

The Challenge of the Inefficiency of Traditional Islamic Rhetoric from the Perspective of Modern Arabic Rhetoric

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Muosa Khezriazar 1
Eisa Mottaghizadeh 2
Faramarz Mirzaei 2
Khalil Parvini 3

1 Ph.D. Candidate in Arabic Language and Literature, Tarbiat Modares University,Tehran, Iran.

2 Professor, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

3 Professor of Arabic Language and Literature, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran

https://doi.org/10.22059/jalit.2021.319888.612392
Abstract
In the contemporary era, many efforts have been made to update the knowledge of rhetoric. Therefore, the two terms "modern rhetoric" and "rhetoric modernization" are two of the most comprehensive terms among contemporary Arab scholars, which have occupied a significant part of contemporary rhetorical discourse from the late nineteenth century to the present day. Rhetoric modernization refers to a series of efforts that re-examine some or all of the issues of traditional rhetoric and make suggestions for its improvement. For the first time, Sheikh Muhammad Abduh from Al-Azhar called for updating the sources of rhetoric, and al-Jabr al-Zumt in his writings called for rhetoric modernization. The discourse of rhetoric modernization has always been challenged by the discourse of traditional rhetoric, and the beginning of rhetoric modernization has been accompanied by a critique of theoretical foundations, methodological issues, and the analytical approach of traditional rhetoric. From the beginning of the call to modernize rhetoric to the present day, criticism of traditional rhetoric has increased; therefore, reading the works done in the field of modern rhetoric, we encounter a significant amount of criticism that requires independent scientific research to provide a basis for avoiding excesses in judging and evaluating the rhetorical achievements of predecessors. This research has tried to examine and critique the criticisms of traditional rhetoric through a descriptive-analytical method and has achieved the following results by examining and criticizing the critical views of rhetoric modernization experts: The greatest criticism of contemporary scholars is the influence of rhetoric on Greek philosophical thought and the evaluation of texts. In a sense, their most important weaknesses are summarized in the incorrect comparison of traditional Islamic rhetoric with traditional Greek rhetoric, which have different socio-historical contexts, as well as incorrect comparison of rhetoric with contemporary critical schools that have different approaches and practical functions.
 

Keywords

Traditional Rhetoric
Rhetoric Modernization
Modern Rhetoric
Rhetoric Criticism
Rhetorical discourse
Abu-Deeb, K.(2015), Images of Imagination in Jorjani Theory, Translated by Farzan Sojudi and Farhad Sasani, Tehran, Elm Publishing, [In Persian].
Abu Tammam, Habib Ibn Aws. (n. d.), Al-Wahshiyat = Minor enthusiasm, Cairo, Dar Al Ma'arif. [In Arabic].
Abdul-Muttalib, M. (1997), Arabic Rhetoric, another Reading, Cairo, The Egyptian International Publishing Company, Longman. [In Arabic].
Al-Alawi, Y. (2002), altiraz li'asrar albalaghat waeulum haqayiq al'iiejaz, Beirut, Almaktabat aleunsryaa. [In Arabic].
Al-Dinouri, I. Q. (2002), Poetry and Poets, Cairo, Dar Al-Hadith. [In Arabic].
Al-Ghadhami, A. Settaf, A. N. (2004), Cultural Criticism or Literary Criticism? Damascus, Dar Al-Fikr. [In Arabic].
Al-Jayyusi, S. (2007), Trends and Movements in Modern Arabic Poetry, Translated by Abdel-Wahid Lu’ula, Second Edition, Beirut, Center for Arab Unity Studies. [In Arabic].
Al-Jurjānī, A. (1992), Dalā’il al-Iʿjaz, (Researched by Mahmoud Muhammad Shaker) third edition, Al Jaddah, Dar Al-Madani. [In Arabic].
ــــــــــــــــــــ. (n. d.), Asrar al-Balaghah, (Researche by Mahmoud Muhammad Shaker) , Al Jaddah, Dar Al-Madani. [In Arabic].
Al-Khouli, A. (1996), The Art of Speaking, Cairo, Dar Al-Kutob Al-mesriah. [In Arabic].
Al-Marmaghi, A. (1950), the History of the Sciences of Rhetoric and Introducing Its Men, Cairo, Mustafa Al-Babi Al-Halabi and Sons Press in Egypt. [In Arabic].
Al-Masadi, A. (n. d.), Stylistics and style, third edition, Beirut, Dar Al-Arabiya for Books. [In Arabic].
Al-Sakkaki, A. (1987), Miftah Al-Uloom, (Researche by Na`im Zarzour, Beirut, Dar Al-Kutob Al-ēelmyah. [In Arabic].
Al-Sayyed, S. (2006), the Art of Saying between Arabic Rhetoric and Aristotle, Cairo, Dar-Garib. [In Arabic].
Al-Shayeb, Ahmad. (1991), the Style, an Analytical Rhetorical Study of the Origins of Literary Styles, Eighth Edition, Cairo, The Egyptian Nahda Library. [In Arabic].
Al-Zayyat, A. H. (1945), the Defense of the Rhetoric, Cairo, Al-Risalah Press. [In Arabic].
Daif, Sh. (n. d.), Rhetoric, Evolution and History, Cairo, Dar Al Maarif. [In Arabic].
Doumit, J. (1930), Al-Khawatir Al-Hassan fi Al-Ma`ani wa Al-Bayan, Beirut, Al-Wafa Press. [In Arabic].
Eyyad, Shukri M. (1992), Introduction to the Stylistics, Second Edition. (S. l.) [In Arabic].
Fadl, S. (1998), the Science of Stylistics, Its Principles and Procedures. Cairo, Dar Al-Shorouk. [In Arabic].
Fadzaleh, M. (2018), "The role of the Qur'an in the evolution of criticism and rhetoric", Journal of Arabic Literature, University of Tehran, Volume 3, Number 1, 199-216
Hussein, T. (2012), Hafez and Shawky, Cairo, Hindawi Foundation for Education and Culture.
ــــــــــــــــــــــ. (n. d.), The Arabic statement from al-Jahiz to Abd al-Qaher, Translated by Abd al-Hamid al-Abadi. (S. l.) [In Arabic].
Ibn Athīr, D. (1999), Al-Mathal al-sāʾir, research by Muhammad Mohi al-Din Abdel Hamid, Beirut, The Modern Library of Printing and Publishing. [In Arabic].
Ibn Al-Moataz, A. (1990), Al-Badi, Beirut, Dar Al-Jeel. [In Arabic].
Ibn Jinni, O. (n. d.), alkhasayis, research by Abdel Hamid Hindawy, Beirut: Dar Al-Kutob Al-ēelmyah. [In Arabic].
Ibn Tabataba, M. (2005), Ayar-o-Sher, Damascus, Union of Arab Writers. [In Arabic].
Ibn al-Rasoul, S, M, R., Gurbankhani, Marzieh., and Shamali, N., (2016), "Comparative study of Abdul Qahir Jarjani's theory of order and Farth's positional structure theory", Arabic Literature, Tehran, University of Tehran, Volume 9, Number 2, 17-35.
Parvini. Kh. (2013), Comparative literature (Theorical and practical researches),Tehran, Samt. [In Persian].
Qutb, S. (2003), Literary Criticism, Its Origins and Methods. Eighth Edition, Cairo, Dar Al-Shorouk. [In Arabic].
Maslouh, S. (2003), In Arabic Rhetoric and Linguistic Stylistics, New Perspectives, Kuwait, Academic Publishing Council. [In Arabic].
Miftah, M. (1990), Unknown Albayan. Morocco: Dar Toubkal. [In Arabic].
Michbal, M. (2016), Rhetoric and Origins: A Study in the Foundations of Arabic Rhetorical Thinking: Ibn Jinni is a model, Cairo, A Vision for Publishing and Distribution. [In Arabic].
Muosa, Kh. (2007), The Play in Modern Arabic Literature (History - Theory - Analysis), Damascus, Union of Arab Writers.
Nazem, H. (2002), Stylistic structures, Beirut-Morocco, The Arab Cultural Center. [In Arabic].
Arabic Literature
Volume 14, Issue 2
Summer 2022
Pages 63-84

  • Receive Date 02 June 2021
  • Revise Date 05 September 2022
  • Accept Date 23 August 2021

Home

Contact Us