Arabic Literature

Abstract From the formalists' viewpoint, verbal repetitions and the way they are used in the structure of artistic and aesthetic poetic texts have a great effect on the prominence of words. In literary texts, choosing the right words, the type of arrangement in the sentence, how words relate to each other in word structure, Pay attention to the sounds and music hidden in the letters that make up them it is effective in creating music and creating a harmonious atmosphere in literary texts. Repetition in new Arabic poetry has its particular form and structure and it is displayed at different levels of speech including the repetition of letters, vocabulary, sentences. The way these repetitions are placed in the texture of an ode shapes different forms in the structure of repetitions in the architecture of the ode which the  has a strong relationship  with the content of poetry and the poetic experience of the poet and is considered as an important foundation in appearing phonemic balance and melody of speech. This article aims at scrutinizing geometric repetitions in the poetry of Amal Donqol via analytic. Descriptive method. In Donqol's poem one can encounter different kinds of scholarly technical and with certain objectives. In a way that syntactic semantic cohesion of Donqol's odes is to a great extent. Based on geometric repetitions. Repetition in Donqol's poems aims at developing meaning, emphasis and stabilizing the message in the mind of the addressee, picturing and high lighting the concepts meant by the poet.

Abstract Structuralist criticism is one of the branches of critiquing a literary text in which structures and the relationship between components and rules are discovered. Roland Barthes from France is one of the founders of this school. To analyze the narratives, he presented a model titled “Quintuple Mysteries’’ that identifies and figures out the Hermeneutic, Proairetic, Semantic, Symbolic, and Cultural layers of the text. Using these mysteries, signs can be converted into the meaningful components, and the relationship between signifier and signified can be perceived. The present article intends to extract and decipher the Quintuple Mysteries present in the novel called “Love without Resistance” (written by Leili Itawi- a contemporary Lebanese writer) based on the descriptive-analytical approach and achieve the central symbol of the story by investigating them. Using quintuple mysteries, this novel has put forwarded “resistance and love” as a central symbol and introduces the main heroes in the story as symbols of the Martyrdom-Seeking Spirit and eagerness to find real love. By creating harmony in structure and content, it sometimes expresses the values and ideologies of jihadists in the form of conversations and/or indirect descriptions implicitly. Meanwhile, it has figured out the right-wrong dichotomy through the character traits of the conflicting theme between positive and negative personality traits. The writer’s absolutist view to the characters has created symbolic personalities in the novel. And also making small and big puzzles and answering them during the novel has helped the events to move forward.

Abstract In the realm of the theoretical approach of modernist feminists and with a reference to De Beauvoir and Butler's theoretical framework and origins of phenomenology, this research deals with the phenomenology of subjectiviy of gender identity and their representation in Rajaa Aalam's works, especially the novel of Khatam and it attempts to study Khatam's non-essential view of women's gender identity in an analytical way. Raja sees the basis of gender identity in the construction of cultural and social discourses, prevailing patriarchal norms, and the result of the systematic implementation and repetition of these norms by the female subject. Her works represent the influence of this trend on the type of discourse, mentality, and performance. In the novel of Khatam, the main character, by repeating the context of the rules, produces and reproduces a gender identity, it in the process of representation, and distorts it through the performance of opposing aspects. The repetition of norms by which this character is known within its counterproduction, activates the hidden potential abilities hidden in the nature of the performance. Unconscious biases, conflict of tendencies and discourses, and mimicry and dominance of norms lead to a double performance which enables Khatam to deconstruct the identity made of the prevailing discourse and cultural norms, to break up the duality between sexes, and to question in some cases the original gender identity. By entering the realm of subjectivity and self-efficacy, she acquires a kind of strength and ability, but in the end she is subject to the predominant power. The characters in Raja's novels often disagree with the pattern they simulate in the implementation process and they try to protect their individuality and redefine their identity. Sometimes, reconstructed social norms will lead to subject deidentification because norms and abnormalities imposed on her to do or reject affairs and  finally deidentifies her.

Abstract In the contemporary era, many efforts have been made to update the knowledge of rhetoric. Therefore, the two terms "modern rhetoric" and "rhetoric modernization" are two of the most comprehensive terms among contemporary Arab scholars, which have occupied a significant part of contemporary rhetorical discourse from the late nineteenth century to the present day. Rhetoric modernization refers to a series of efforts that re-examine some or all of the issues of traditional rhetoric and make suggestions for its improvement. For the first time, Sheikh Muhammad Abduh from Al-Azhar called for updating the sources of rhetoric, and al-Jabr al-Zumt in his writings called for rhetoric modernization. The discourse of rhetoric modernization has always been challenged by the discourse of traditional rhetoric, and the beginning of rhetoric modernization has been accompanied by a critique of theoretical foundations, methodological issues, and the analytical approach of traditional rhetoric. From the beginning of the call to modernize rhetoric to the present day, criticism of traditional rhetoric has increased; therefore, reading the works done in the field of modern rhetoric, we encounter a significant amount of criticism that requires independent scientific research to provide a basis for avoiding excesses in judging and evaluating the rhetorical achievements of predecessors. This research has tried to examine and critique the criticisms of traditional rhetoric through a descriptive-analytical method and has achieved the following results by examining and criticizing the critical views of rhetoric modernization experts: The greatest criticism of contemporary scholars is the influence of rhetoric on Greek philosophical thought and the evaluation of texts. In a sense, their most important weaknesses are summarized in the incorrect comparison of traditional Islamic rhetoric with traditional Greek rhetoric, which have different socio-historical contexts, as well as incorrect comparison of rhetoric with contemporary critical schools that have different approaches and practical functions.
 

Abstract Semiotics investigates the relationship between symbols and meanings and their formation. Literary semiotics tries to discover the unknown of the world within the text by analyzing linguistic semiotics and understanding the semantic connections between the words of the poem. Charles Peircerevolutionized the semioticsby his three-dimensional model of symbol structure and provided literary critics with a precise scientific method for examining the semantic structure of poetry. Bassam Hajar is one of the poets of modern thought that death is one of the main concepts and themes of his poetry and most of his poems are dedicated to death and death thinking. Based on Peirce''s theory, this article tries to examine the process of making poetic symbols related to the concept of death in Bassam Hajar''s poem and recounts the unrevealed messages in the deep levels of his poems. The results showed that he has used aesthetic, author, temporal, spatial and collocations codes to produce poetic symbols related to the concept of death.The use of explicit meanings of his poems words has helped the reader to choose carefully the implicit meaning appropriate to the concept of death from countless implicit meanings, revealing the poet''s main purpose, ideology and contradictory feelings about death, which are incomprehensible in the first reading and uncovering the secondary layers of the text. Semiotics investigates the relationship between symbols and meanings and their formation. Literary semiotics tries to discover the unknown of the world within the text by analyzing linguistic semiotics and understanding the semantic connections between the words of the poem. Charles Peircerevolutionized the semioticsby his three-dimensional model of symbol structure and provided literary critics with a precise scientific method for examining the semantic structure of poetry. Bassam Hajar is one of the poets of modern thought that death is one of the main concepts and themes of his poetry and most of his poems are dedicated to death and death thinking. Based on Peirce''s theory, this article tries to examine the process of making poetic symbols related to the concept of death in Bassam Hajar''s poem and recounts the unrevealed messages in the deep levels of his poems. The results showed that he has used aesthetic, author, temporal, spatial and collocations codes to produce poetic symbols related to the concept of death.The use of explicit meanings of his poems words has helped the reader to choose carefully the implicit meaning appropriate to the concept of death from countless implicit meanings, revealing the poet''s main purpose, ideology and contradictory feelings about death, which are incomprehensible in the first reading and uncovering the secondary layers of the text.

Abstract .The term "Feminine writing" implies that women''''s writing has its unique discourse compared to men. linguists have acknowledged the differences in writing styles between men and women and provided components for each. Feminist critics ask whether there is a female language or not? In this regard, Sarah Mills'''' feminist stylistics book offers a model for data analysis that explores the three levels of vocabulary, syntax, and discourse. And by referring to the works of linguists and researchers in the field of sociology of language as well as the views of feminists, he emphasizes the linguistic analysis of women''''s works and proposes the method of analyzing women''''s fictional works. This research uses analytical-descriptive method in the framework of Sarah Mills’ feminist stylistics theory to examine how the characteristics of feminism are manifested in the novel "Al-Aswad Yaliq Beck" written by Ahlam Mostaghani Algerian writer. Considering that Mills believes that female writers use different language options in the structure and content of their works in the field of female emotions and characteristics, which should be done in these three levels of analysis in language analysis. We intend to examine these characteristics in the selected novel and determine to what extent these components exist and whether the desired pattern has been followed or not. Also, based on this framework, we identify the cases that indicate the feminine writing style of the author of the novel and explore them sentence by sentence. The research findings indicate that the components of Ahlam Mostaghanami''''s female writing are evident in this selected work using the following: - In the lexical layer: Use of words belonging to the field of women has a low frequency, There is no feminine reliance, curses, or mild emotional words but there are taboo words. Limited to repeat certain colors such as black, white, red, gold, silver and purple. Among these, the most frequent is the adjective "black" - In the syntactic layer: The description of the events is given in detail and this component has a high frequency, Most sentences are short, consecutive and very high frequency. Question sentences in the form of monologue are widely used, Extralinguistic signs ellipsis (...) has the most frequent symptoms and the dash has a very low frequency. In the discourse layer: third person and the narrator has used the inner monologue. The main axis, action and dialogue of the novel refer to women, and feminist thoughts are the concerns of the author of the novel.

Abstract The element of a significant place of residence. Elements of The element of place is one of the most important elements of the narrative, which has various forms. This element has a dialectic in some narrations, including the narration of the Palestinian captives, and its effect on other narrative structures is obvious. One of these narratives is the narration of Al-Shattat by Rafat Hamdoneh, a contemporary Palestinian writer who cries out about the plight of prisoners in Israeli prisons and their dire social conditions. What makes this narrative unique is the character of Rafat Hamdoneh, who was himself a prisoner, understood prison and was able to portray it in a desirable way. In narration, there is a kind of dialectic between place and self that affects the structural elements of the narrative and plays an important role in shaping the structure of the narrative. Therefore, in this research, an attempt has been made to study the dialectic of place and self, and its effect on the narrative structures of "Al-Shattat" by Hamdoneh, by descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the research indicate that the description of the place in the narration of "Al-Shattat" is the expression of experience, sufferings, problems of the narrator and the characters who lived in the forced place (prison) and in open places (war).This dialectic runs from the beginning of time to the end of the narrative and has created a kind of retrospective and futuristic timelessness and has influenced the personalities of the narrative.