Arabic Literature

Abstract It has been about a decade that the apparently Islamic government of Iraq and Syria known as “ISIS” has played a role in Iraq. By forming a government, ISIS has tried to reconstruct the society and promote its own special discourse. Since the rise of any movement and phenomenon is manifested in literary realism, which represents social truth and life, the effect of ISIS on literary fiction in Iraq, the target point of this movement’s activism, is considerable. The main purpose of this study is to identify the discourse elements of ISIS, define Nodal point, floating signifier, empty signifier, foregrounding and marginalization and determine the articulation of its discourse in “the Bird Tattoo” novel by “Dunya Mikhail” based on analytical-descriptive method and with reference to discourse analysis model by Laclau and Mouffe. This method has an immense capacity to define social-political phenomena. The results show that ISIS political basis which grounds in accepting “self” (foregrounding) and rejecting “other” (marginalizing Christians, Jews and Iraqi Yazidis) marginalizes every person, group or organization which is not in line with its ideology and accuses them of disobeying and rioting. ISIS is an ideological organization based on Takfiri thought and beliefs, and to fight this organization, besides face-to-face war, it’s thought system should be confronted. To realize central signifier of ISIS discourse, which is establishing “Islamic Caliphate”, floating signifier (Jihad, Takfir of “other”, Sharia and Hejira) helps its articulation so that the empty signifier of this discourse (establishing justice and equality, building dignity and dominating the world), which is also its metaphoric and mythicizing aspect, realizes

Abstract The term eco-critique or ecological critique was coined by William Rueckert in 1978, and this stream of critique and vision was a late reaction to the literature in the face of the environmental crisis. This theory was soon considered in literary and social circles and had various branches and approaches, the most important of which was ecofeminism, which considers the study of nature from a feminist point of view because nature is also inherently a mythical principle, Female believes that like a woman, her rights should be defended and protected from harms. Based on the three axes of Janet Henshal, this article compares the poems of Golrokhsar Safi Ava and Suzan Alawan from the point of view of ecofeminist critique. These two poets in addition to talking about their feminine concerns use nature for imagery, empathy, ecological, and feminist positions. The result of the research shows that both poets have used the symbols of nature in their feminine illustrations dramatically and markedly. Their view of nature like their view of women, is compassionate and they consider both to be dominated by others. It should be noted that the method used in this study is a descriptive–analytical method using the American School of comparative literature

Abstract The aim of this article is to explore the concept of verbal violence in the novel "Zeineh" and to understand how literary texts relate to the power that dominates any society. And with the method of critical analysis of discourse beyond verbal forms, the power and ideology governing the social and cultural conditions of the society in the novel "Zeineh" have been studied and by introducing the components of verbal violence in Janet Malkin's approach, This novel has been studied to show the role of speech and its power in shaping and destroying human identities. Accordingly, the research findings show that "verbal violence" is the main discourse in this novel, through which the word finds a magical power for injury and destruction, and the devotees of this word are only those who are targeted by the word. Not put; But those who talk to it are also exposed to it. And the word is not just a means of expressing thoughts; Rather, the word itself forms thoughts, and is the program and guide of one's intellectual activity. The word has an independent pwer and force that determines the framework of the speaker's action and thinking. The word does not only determine the limits of thought; Rather, gaining the speaker's independence and forcing him to speak also sacrifices him

Abstract Sociological criticism of the novel is one of the widely used types of literary criticism, which provides a sociological reading of the literary text based on the relationship between the social structure and the literary structure. In this method, the status of different classes of society, behaviors, and actions of different social structures in a certain period of history are analyzed, and how the artistic representation of the society in the imaginary world of the literary work is criticized and analyzed. Elias Khoury has created a literary work in the novel Awlad Al-Ghetto- Esmi Adam, Under the influence of the social structures in which he lived, which, while showing the attitude and challenges of immigrants in a country that accepts immigrants, has dealt with the issue of Palestine and resistance with a social realistic view. Considering the introduction of resistance literature and the issue of migration in this novel, it seems necessary to conduct sociological research to clarify the links between the literary text and society. The present research has investigated this novel using the descriptive-analytical method, based on Goldmann's constructivism theory. This essay aims to examine the historical, social, and political contexts with a critical attitude to explain the inner layers of the novel from the point of view of Goldman's sociological critique, which shows the approach of this research in two stages of understanding and explaining. The components of the novel Awlad Al-Ghetto have a systematic connection in three parts, the whole novel deals with the historical, social and political contexts and explains the reasons and conditions of the narrator's migration, In the stage of reception, by referring to historical facts in the form of thematic and symbolic sub-characters and focusing on the hero's place, he addressed the issue of Palestine and the world's silence against it, while the narrators (Elias Khoury, Adam Danun, Murad) as problematic heroes who criticize It has been marginalized from the society that lacks true values, they are trying to change the current level of awareness to the possible and at the level of explanation, the author has drawn the historical incidents of silence and presented meaningful structures by choosing the format of the displaced immigrant and with the aim of raising awareness and The ruling worldview is the result of the reflection of the Palestinian refugee class and the author's critical attitude towards the world's silence about this human tragedy

Abstract Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is one of the new trends in linguistic studies that examines language with a social function and implies the reproduction of social and political hegemony in the context of the text. The editorials of Abdulbari Atwan, a contemporary Palestinian journalist (1950), are one of the manifestations of the resistance discourse, which is dedicated to his protest and revelations against the Zionist regime and the arrogance front, and he tried to represent the ideologies of the fighting nations and their resistance at different linguistic levels. Theon Van Dijk (1998), one of the prominent theorists in the field of critical discourse analysis, emphasized that the speaker's worldview (ideology) can be represented in language; It expresses the theory of ideological square to analyze the linguistic dimensions of a text in macro construction.The current research aims to investigate the media discourse of Abdul Bari Atwan in the framework of Van Dyke's socio-cognitive model (1943) with descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the research show that Atwan's media discourse is a social action against the political-social situation of occupied Palestine and West Asian issues. The dominant ideology in Atvan's editorials is the ideology of resistance, which is established by being included in the media discourse. The final function of Atvan's verbal statements is to emphasize the positive points of the self (front of resistance) in opposition to other negative points (front of arrogance) and this is in line with the general strategy of producing Van Dyck's social-cognitive discourse method; Therefore, the approach of critical discourse analysis is the most specific linguistic tool to investigate the discourse of resistance

Abstract Riyad al-Qazi is one of the contemporary Iraqi writers who has depicted the factors influencing the formation of the personality of different strata of society in the novel "Bait al-Qazi - Al-Arrab al-Akhir". The present research aims to analyze the psychological criticism of Riyad Al-Qazi's novel "Bait Al-Qazi - Al-Arrab Al-Akhir" by descriptive-analytical method and based on Karen Horne's personality theory, and to identify the different personality types of the novel and to analyze its neurotic features and to It looks at the roots of the effective causes in the formation of characters in the novel and examines the author's purpose in creating these types of characters. The findings of the research show that in this novel, the type of aggressive personality or movement against others is more frequent than other types. Among the neurotic needs that Hornay puts forward, one can mention power-seeking, sadistic tendencies and inferiority complex and trying to gain status and social position, discarding competitors, exploiting others, which the authors implicitly criticize and depict the harmful effects of each. pulls. One of the reasons that lead to the formation of these neurotic needs is the cultural environment and the chaotic atmosphere of Iraq, which plays a significant role in shaping the character of each person in the novel and has turned them into anti-social people

Abstract The science of naḥw or Arabic grammar discusses the relationship between the words of a sentence, with the aim of teaching Arabic speakers how to speak, read and write correctly, so that there is no problem in understanding and being understood. Muslim grammarians, from the late 1st century AH until now, have produced valuable works on the Arabic language and its grammar that perhaps have no equal in any other language, although they may have gone to extremes in this regard. Undoubtedly, when an experienced researcher carefully examines works such as "I'rab Al-Alfiyah of Ibn Malik", they will observe that the authors of these books have made mistakes in the analysis of some of the manṣūbāt (accusative nouns/objects); because identifying the role of marfū'āt (nominative nouns), majrūrāt (genitive nouns) and majzūmāt (jussive verbs) is relatively easy, but determining the role of some manṣūbāt is sometimes difficult. The authors of the article attempt to critique and analyze these errors by relying on the fifth chapter of the book "Mughnī al-Labīb". This article aims, through a critical analytical descriptive method and relying on Ibn Hisham's ten critiques of the mu'ribūn in chapter five of Mughnī al-Labīb, to identify the mistakes of the mu'ribūn and work towards correcting them.