Arabic Literature

Abstract Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between the structure of language and its use. One of the most important components for the functional analysis of texts is the identification of Politeness theory indicators, the purpose of which is to discover the manners of politeness and speech and their role in reflecting implicit concepts. Since implicit concepts appear in the use of language, their understanding is formed in the recognition of two external and internal factors. The leading research with a descriptive-analytical method and with a pragmatic approach, studied thirty-one utterance of Nahj al-Balagheh in the category of forgiveness, miserliness and patience based on the classification of the book "Thematic Dictionary of Nahj al-Balagheh" and the manners of Politeness theory in this part He has criticized and analyzed the statements. By examining the strategies of Politeness theory in the mentioned topics, the conclusion was finally reached that Imam (A.S.) while observing the mechanisms of politeness, informs the audience and assures him to accept his words after weighing, evaluating, thinking, deliberating and reasoning. In this regard, he uses strategies such as creating passion, referring to the power of human will, making the mind flexible, softening the speech, aligning one's goal with the speaker's goal, increasing the freedom of action, etc. Additional meanings such as warning and reminding, warning, informing, stopping , persuading, honoring the audience's dignity and such things, it has inspired the audience to appeal about an issue without harming the personality of the audience in the slightest

Abstract Memoirs are modern narrative types and have significant narrative capacities. In these works, narration is used with special shapes and forms, and in many ways it is comparable to the superior type of narrative-story types, i.e. novels. The present essay aims to use the descriptive-analytical method by enumerating three important components of narrative in the genre of memory, i.e. "the use of the narrative self", "emphasis on the narrator instead of the hero-cultivation" and "increasing the volume of descriptions instead of events and incidents". ", to measure and evaluate how the narrative departs from this conventional rule in the book of Memoirs of Ahmed Benbouleh, a famous Algerian fighter. It should be mentioned that each of the different narrative genres have specific narrative coordinates and the metaphor of the coordinates of other genres in memory can be analyzed in interdisciplinary researches. In fact, in the contemporary era, by examining the interplay of genres, borrowing the characteristics of one genre and literary style in another literary type, a widely used case in the direction of breaking the borders and lines between genres, draws attention, and in the meantime, memory is also It borrows the narrative features of other genres. The findings of the research show that the narrative in Ahmed Benblah's memoirs has gone beyond its conventional structure and moved towards the form of a novel in narrative and epic, and this song is memorable because of the dynamics of the character, the theme of struggle, and the shortness of time.

Abstract Phenomenological and different dimensions of discourse including sensory, perceptual, emotional and aesthetic dimensions are based on systems. Greimas has divided them into action, action, tension, and action. Semantics studies based on the process of meaning production. This article has analyzed the poem "A letter to Saif bin Dhi Yazen" according to the approach of Greimas' action-oriented analysis. Relying on the action-oriented analysis approach, the authors seek to understand and explain the meaning generation process in this ode. According to the obtained results, the poem begins by drawing a tense atmosphere. The speaker is under the influence of sensory and perceptive conditions and is not receptive to these conditions. He invites Saif bin Dhi Yazen to a confrontation. According to the transcendental system that dominates the discourse, in the course of the narrative, the narrator seeks to make the spoken to move and rise. The poet portrays the reality of the stagnant and distressed society. By using movement and aesthetic schemas, it seeks to transfer the sense and perception embedded in one's existence to the spoken word and create an action stage. The narrative moves from stillness to movement. In the tense stage, the lack of interaction is drawn, and at the end, the active presence of Saif bin Zhi Yazen is established. An action that has brought liberation and life to the homeland and the land and has depicted the repossession of the homeland and the land as a valuable object

Abstract Critical discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary method that seeks to uncover concealed power dynamics, dominance, social inequalities, and ideological processes through language analysis, focusing on structures beyond individual sentences. Within this field, van Leeuwen's (2008) framework is a fundamental approach that emphasizes the role of social actors in manifesting underlying discourses. This framework comprises two main components: exclusion and inclusion, each encompassing various subcategories. Lutfia Al Dulaimi's "Women of Saturn" is a renowned literary work by the contemporary Iraqi writer, exploring political and social issues in Iraq over recent decades. This descriptive-analytical study examines the novel using van Leeuwen's framework's sociocognitive and semiotic aspects to illustrate how the author presents her ideology by introducing the novel's characters. The findings of this study indicate that the representation of social actors in "Women of Saturn" is influenced by Al Dulaimi's intellectual and social perspectives. In the novel, women are portrayed as active and dynamic agents, while male figures are depicted as passive and negatively valued, reflecting Al Dulaimi's feminist ideologies. Furthermore, the Baath Party, American forces, and Takfiri groups are represented as active agents due to their extensive crimes against the Iraqi people and their significant role within the tumultuous Iraqi context.

Abstract Dystopia or Viranshahr is a narrative of a sinister and evil society. This term contrasts with utopia or Armanshahr that poets and writers have been dreaming of for a long time. According to the general belief, the predominance of filth in human society and the increase of social and cultural problems can be called dystopia. The concept of destruction has a close relationship with Arab societies and recently a number of poets and writers have depicted it in their works. The Booker Prize-winning Arabic novel "Gange dovome sagh" (Harb al-Kalb al-Thaniyyah) is a science fiction work written by Ibrahim Nasrallah. In this novel, by rotating concepts and with the help of imagination, instead of depicting a country that is a victim of Zionism, he takes the criticism towards his own society and creates a world that creates a disaster. Narrating the future decaying cities, this novel depicts the differences within a collapsing and occupied society in which technology has made significant advances; But these developments ultimately cause pollution and a fallen and ruined city that leads to the destruction of mankind. The present study, with an analytical-descriptive approach, examines the most obvious dystopian elements in this novel and seeks to discover the reasons for its appearance. As a result, we will see that the crazy progress of technology and mechanization of man, the extravagance of modern man and the degeneration of high human qualities are the most important reasons for the emergence of this ruined city, which by depicting an imaginary and nameless city, drawing and criticizing a negative society, The rotation and stagnation of time and space, the disintegration of identity, etc. are reflected in the novel.
 

Abstract Discourse, as an efficient linguistic process, is one of the most widely used tools used by the domination system to achieve social-political goals, whether in the form of speech or writing. Critical discourse analysis is a systematic approach to study how to use this process. Hodge and Kress are among the linguists who, relying on this principle, presented a linguistic and methodical model, consisting of four components: naming, nominalization, unknown vs. known, and action sentences vs. documents. Are   This research is descriptive-analytical with the aim of explaining the ideological orientations governing the text in the novel The Second Dog War It has investigated the process of discourse structures based on this theory. The result of the research indicates that the author has explained his ideologies in the face of the domination system, the capitalist rule and the socio-political conditions of Palestine with the use of language and discourse orientations in the linguistic context of the novel. The new form of dealing with the issues of Palestine and the discourse structure of the mentioned novel depicts a society that, in the pleasurable and lustful encounter with the dreams of modernity, still places its value and freedom in the occupation of aliens, and finally, with the spread of human simulation, it leads the world to the abyss of destruction. The destruction of the ideal city of these social activists is the result of their destructive speech, which is manifested in small behaviors and small speeches, and is considered one of the effects of linguistic functions on literary texts

Abstract Proverbs are rooted in the culture and public opinion of the people. Therefore, it is possible to get to know the culture, thought and customs of some nations to some extent. Therefore, examining the imaginary patterns of Emirati dialect proverbs will lead to a deeper acquaintance with the culture and customs of the people of that region; Because it examines the deeper relationship between language and culture. And it leads us to the point that through the understanding of conceptual schemas and abstract concepts, a relatively better understanding of language and culture and some of their functions can be achieved. The present study tries to use descriptive-analytical method to investigate the schemas in Emirati dialect proverbs extracted from the Emirati Al-Rumsa book, based on the model of Likaf and Evans' image schemas in the framework of cognitive semantics, the abundance of schemas It depicts the existing and frequency of each of these schemes and analyzes them. The results of this research indicate that from the total of 22 proverbs selected from the book "Al-Ramsa Al-Emirati" movement schema with 30%, capacity schema with 22%, power schema with 17%, adaptation schema with 13%, and schema with Continuity and fission have 9 percent each, respectively, with the highest frequency. Also, the studies show that the pronouns "Ali and Fay" have a pre-typical and focal meaning that explain the concept (on-in) respectively And when they are used in different contexts, they undergo development in meaning, in the sense that as a result of the effects of accompanying words, other meanings other than the focal meaning are formed around them