Arabic Literature

Abstract Abstract
In this research, we try to examine the methods of tautology in modern poetry by studying the poems of Badr Shaker Sayyab. The research method is descriptive and analytical, and collection of data is written in the library.Tautology is the basic element of internal music of a poem. It is also one of the important elements in Defamiliarization among artists. The basic rule in tautology is making connections between meanings of the poem and enabling a strong bond with other elements and parts of it. One of the most sensible traits of the new poetry (blank verses) in Arabic literature is the element of tautology; therefore it can be called as one of the innovation methods of contemporary poetry.Badr shaker Sayab is an inventive poet who frequently utilizes tautology in sentences in his poems. Some of the functions of tautology in his poetry include increasing internal music, highlighting political and social subjects, illustrating the pictures and emphasizing on internal feelings of the poet.

Abstract Failures and contradictions of life cause confusion and disrupt personality structure of ego. Under such conditions, human psychological defense system is activated to overcome anxiety which threats the ego and to recover one's calmness. Seyyed Qotb and Shahriar have also infected by anxiety and unfavorable excitements in their lives, because of individual, social, political,…, factors. Since their poetries are reflection of their sentiments and mentality, the psychological defense system, used to overcome anxiety has been reflected in their poetry. The present research has analyzed the two  poetries collections from psychological viewpoint, using descriptive-analytical method and through a review of various psychological books. Common concepts used in their poetry include childhood; elegy and aging, different defensive mechanisms such as back time, replication, separation and normalization, etc.

Abstract In spite of the fact that paradox as an unknown literary device has largely been ignored, it has been a source of amazement and, consequently, aesthetic joy due to deviation from norm, ambiguity, the saliency of meaning, and laconism. One of the subtle points receiving little attention in Arabic literature, especially in Nahjol Balaghah, is the study of paradoxical elements. The most significant factors contributing to the high frequency of this artistic device in the Master of Speech (Ali-peace be upon him) are the mystical and spiritual experiences, punctiliousness, imagination and the dominant social and political atmosphere of the society at that time. The current research aimed at study the paradoxes from formal and functional perspectives and the reasons and areas of its formation in Imam Ali's speech. Due to his wonderful command of language and diction, Ali benefited from all the paradoxical devices and expressions to develop themes and concepts in an artistic and frequent manner.

Abstract The copulative word “Kâna” has been used 1450 times in the Holy Quran with its derivatives in different structures. The translators of the Holy Quran, therefore, must know the meaning of the verb in line with the context in which it is used so that they may translate the verb “Kâna” as close as possible to the Quranic text. Mostly the verb has been used in conditional and relative clauses and in sentences in which the predicate of the verb is hyperbole noun or epithet. Owing to the use of the text in different contexts, the translators present various meanings of it. The syntacticians have also held different views in analyzing the mentioned structures. In this research the writers try to analyze these structures and their Persian equivalent syntactically. The findings of this research show that the translation of conditional “Kâna” with “law” sentences is different from the translation of “Kâna” with “in” ones. It has also become clear that in the “connector + Kanna + noun + predicate” structure, “Mā” is connector and not infinitive in nature.

Abstract The history of Human witness that aspires to attain personal and social wellbeing away from shortcomings, has always occupied the minds of scholars. Utopia in many years and even in our own time was concern of a lot of philosophers and scholars and has created precious works to advance the idea of a better world to live in, very efficient and helpful falls. In the field of literature, by favor of science and technology, "utopias" as new "science-fiction utopia" or "modern utopia" that brought into existence the examples of it in modern Arab literature, especially the works of Talib Omran, Syrian author can be cited. The utopias that are imagined with talib omran, based on element of good, peace and knowledge and it is the supporter of good traditions of ancients. Utopia power in the hands of scientists, philosophers and sages and its inhabitants, more like mankind. He try to establish accurate communication with extraterrestrial beings and use their ability to overcome to evil force of the earth. This type of literature in eastern literature area, not only is new and innovative, but also a positive step in the direction of level up to literature and the other in science and technology.

Abstract One of the aspects of the miracle of the Quran is the relationship between the Phonology and the music of Holy verses with their meaning, which Made Profound impact even on those who are not deeply familiar with Quran. Arrangement of letters in terms of proximity and pronunciation, convergence and contrast characteristics, frequency and sequence of movements and their impact on the Phonology and music of words in the verses of the Quran have led to the sharp and intimidating music of warning verses in one hand and to the calm and smooth music of the verses of glad Tidings in the other hand. This article examines the impact of the sound and the meaning in warning and enunciation verses of Surah al-Naba. In this study, holy verses of Surah al-Nabah have been Examined from the phonetics perspective which includes the following items: explaining the special features of letters, identifying the musical impacts, combination of some letters and their characteristics and specific pronunciation. Finally it is worth remembering that the authors of this article have employed the descriptive - analytical method of research in which data have been compared and analyzed in a few tables.     

Abstract This study aims at review and discuss types of places mentioned in Al-Hareeri`s Maqamaat and their significance and relevance to mankind`s religious, socioeconomic and literary life within the necessary righteous and healthy needed environment. This study endeavors to disclose the broad lines of Hareeri`s theory and its semantic aspects of place and the mutual influence of mankind and place on each other, a task which Hareeri succeeded to relate and to signify its symbolic and explanatory effect in detail with his
well-known rhetoric and eloquent art of speech in words, phrases and sentences, and in a highly excellent method establishing a deep rooted characteristic position for it in the literary field.

Abstract There are a lot of means and Methods for "Priding and Glory". Sometimes man is proud to his ancestors and his forefathers, and sometimes proud to his courage, and its place among his people, and sometimes proud to forgiveness and chastity, or a set of virtues and attributes, and sometimes, He proud to his poetry and eloquence, all of these meanings, be found in Sharif Razi Honorary poem. While we understand that Ahl al-Bayt are the original title of his pride and honor. They represent the best approach honorary representation in his poem, and they crystallized Very strong poetic gifts and eloquence authentic. Sharif Razi Was able to be at the forefront of stallions poets of the second Abbasid era like as his Professor Mutanabi, and Abi Tammam and Buhturi and others, and achieved a high position among them in this period. In this article, we want to demonstrate a glimpse of pride in his poem and its epic motives and the backgrounds of this pride in the depths of his personality.

Abstract The two symbols of Abel and Cain are of the important elements in Badr Shākir al-Sayyāb’s poetry; so their traces could be explicitly perceived in his various poems. To be considered that the structure of each poem is formed by its components, Cain and Abel have prominent functions in the structure of poems these two poetical devices have been used in. On the one hand, the functions of these two elements that have binary opposition are different; and on the other hand, in proportion to the different structure of each different poem, the signifying system of these two elements changes. The structural analysis of the system of each poem makes it clear that these two poetical devices, with their different functions in each poem, have different significance and change the structure of that poem. The function of these two elements is definitely a significant and dynamic function. Because of weak structure of some poems, it happens that the function of these two artistic devices is marginal and non-pivotal.

Abstract Resistance literature in many Arab and non-Arab is extensively used as a recent style of literature. Some poets applying this style played an important role in the imagination of beautiful and dynamic visualization, and the undertaking Lebanese poet, Mohammad Ali Shams al-Din is considered as one of them. He also considers other modern contemporary poets, in order to express his viewpoints by using defamiliarization with paradoxes (paradox) as well as symbols and thus resorted resistance themes from the threat of vulgarity and on the other hand used religious and historical myths in order for providing majestic perspective. Inspecting the poet documents, patriotism and commitment to the values ​​and religious beliefs can be addressed as the most important issues and elements of his poems encountering to resistance.

Abstract Orientalists, have raised doubts about the authenticity of the Holy Quran from different angles in their researches. One of them is the book: "the Syro-Aramaic reading of the Holy Quran", written by Luxenburg. The writer seeks undermining the authenticity of the Holy Quran with the claim that early versions of it had been written in Syriac characters. Accordingly, the writer denies the existence of Arabic characters at the time when the Holy Qur'an was sent down. He ascribes the appearance of Arabic characters to the later centuries. Although the transmission of the Holy Qur’an by word of mouth dispels any doubts about its authenticity, the writer of this article tries to analytically criticize the details of Luxenburg’s claims. Besides, the independent identity of the Arabic characters at the time when the Holy Qur'an was sent down, has also been taken into consideration.

Abstract Language is the product of Cultural interaction and producing various languages different cultures manifest the world in many forms.Language and culture are connected with each other to such an extent that study of language apart from society is nothing but absurdity. The studies connected with relationship between language and culture by Malinofski's research in the beginning of twentieth century and his emphasis on texture situation were earnestly started and then the mentioned work was carried on by 'Ferth'. This research falls in the category of socio-linguistics. The writer seeks to specify the social and cultural position of past of Arab woman on the basis of qualitative and analytical method. Besides, the research is based on the structure and external layers of language. The basic achievement is to make clear that the patriarchal society of Arabs deprived women of language in order to dominate them to possible extent. The examining of words; idioms, and metaphors shows that culture changed woman to depending entity.Depriving women of language and pen the patriarchal society to Arab managed to bury them alive socially and culturally.

Abstract The sociological criticism was established by George Lukach in the beginning of 20th century and then Lucien Goldmann and Mikhail Bakhtine have developed it. In sociological criticism the Content impact is on form and social situation impact on content. So, if we study the work we can find the idea of the writer or poet and we can use it as a historical document. Adi ibn Zayd was in the court of Hira and Persians so it gives his poetry sociological importance. There are Common religious beliefs of the Christian, Jewish and Pagan in Adi’s poetry due to fertile geographical and climatic conditions that convict neighbours to land in this area with different religious beliefs. The death in attitude of poem has not depth and he mentioned it as a inevitable phenomenon. On the other hand, The prevalence of common folk beliefs and its reflection in Adi’s poetry, shows the society imact in informing everyone's beliefs.

Abstract Contemporary   poetry   has  always  aimed  at  achieving  its  goal  in  reflecting  social  &  political  realities   and  awaring  people  and  encouraging  them  in  changes  which  lead  to  improvements  by (using & exploiting )  new  literary  techniques. Moreover ,  applying  symbols  as  one  of  the  literary  interpretation ,  is  the  most  salient  sample  of contemporary Arabic  poetries &  also  the most  audacious  approaches  of  contemporary  Arab  poets . Adonis  is  one  of  the  eminent  features  of  contemporary  Arab  poets  whose distinctive  feature  of  poetries  is  symbolism . Given  the expansion  of  Adonis 's  symbolic  language, this  article  addresses  the  natural  symbols  and  in addition  to  providing natural  phenomenon mostly used  in  Adonis's  poetries,  it  infends  to  achieve  new  results  of  analyzing  the  mentioned  symbols . The  obtained  outcome  reflects  the  fact  that  since  some  natural  elements  like  water , fire , stone , ………..  are paralleled  his  main  beliefs  and  thoughts , play  a preponderant  role  and  have  high  frequency .Herbal  and  animal  elements  are  at  the  next  steps , as  well . Semantic  common  ground  of  most  natural  symbols  are mobility,  movement  and  dynamism. Meanwhile, mostly  natural  and  herbal  elements  in  his  poetry, have  positive  aspects  and  just  some  of  the  animal  elements  like  spider  have  negative  aspect

Abstract Nizār Qabbāni,the contemporary Syrian Poet (1923-1998), is known as the poet of woman in the field of poetry and have been mostly criticised from this poin of view. A detailed scrutiny of her works clearly illustrates that she has sensitively and emotionally reacted to insufficiencies of the Arab society and the incompetence of the rulers.Political and social issues have certainly been among her concerns.Nizār Qobbāni used sarcasm to harshly and bitterly challenged the inadequate policy  and statesmanship of Arab puppet rulers and exhaustion of Arabic culture and peoples' narrow-mindedness.Sarcasm is one of the expressive techniques Nizār Qabbāni has used in portrating his mental concepts. This can be very vividly seen in her political famous work called “Hawâmish Ala Daftar al_Naksah”. This study attempts to, with a descriptive-analytical approach,explore the role of this techniques. The result is that the use of this technique has had a profound effect in the poet's prominent language and her audience to get the intended concepts. In addition the coincidence of poet's bitter language with Arab bitter defeat in 1967 war,has made a kind of harmony and coordination of content and vocabulary and poetic compositions,which has attracted specific audiences such as literary critics