Arabic Literature

Abstract In recent decades, Arabic poetry has undergone a profound transformation in its structure and function. It is no longer merely a means of aesthetic or personal expression, but rather a central discourse for questioning reality, exposing hidden structures of power, and representing the cultural and political tensions tearing Arab societies apart. In this context, the poet Adonis's experience stands out as an advanced model of modernist poetry, which goes beyond mere representation, but rather engages in deconstructing and reproducing prevailing cultural and ideological structures through critical interpretive methods. His poem "Orbits of the Orchestra of the Hundred-Year Islamic-Islamic War?" is a telling example of this endeavor, reflecting the struggle of the self against systems of hegemony and attempting to establish a poetic horizon that reshapes the relationship between humanity, history, and identity.This research begins with a fundamental question: How does the poetic discourse in this poem contribute to reshaping collective consciousness and cultural identities in the Arab world, away from stereotypical representations and ideological repetition? From this perspective, the research seeks to explore the poetic and symbolic tools the text employs to create a different discourse that intersects with concepts of power, self, and reality, through a critical vision that transcends the political surface to the symbolic interior. The research adopts the method of critical discourse analysis as developed by Norman Fairclough, through three stages: description, interpretation, and clarification, to reveal the mechanisms of meaning formation within the text and its relationship to the surrounding social, cultural, and political contexts. The research results revealed that the poetic discourse in this poem not only reflects reality, but also reproduces it through images and metaphors that engage in symbolic resistance, opening the way for a new awareness that transcends isolation and proposes critical possibilities for dismantling power and liberating the self from the constraints of the dominant discourse

Abstract Characterization is an important element in literary work, especially plays, if we want to describe and evaluate these characters accurately, then we must not use personality theories in psychology; The most famous is Jordon Allport's theory of personality, which divides characters into main, central, and secondary traits. These traits are part of a healthy and mature personality, the characteristics of which are reflected in the play and include the elements that summarize our actions and behavior. This research aims at the psychological analysis of the characters in the play " Mother's Salam " by Fatima Abdullah, based on the theory of Jordon Allport, using the al-Qaim descriptive analytical method. The results of the study indicate that the main traits, such as the courage and bravery of Amina's sons and the spouses, and the central traits, such as the courage of Amina, and the secondary traits, such as the anger of Zeinab Khatiba Abdullah, are represented in the play. The author portrayed the elements of a healthy and mature personality, such as expanding the concept of self: Ma'eel Abbas and his jihad, intimate communication with others: Masoud's sympathy with Amina's sister, emotional security: Ahmad not going to war and respecting his mother because of worries about what happened to her before, realistic perception: Amina's joining the resistance at the end of the play, skills and duties: Amina's nursing, true self image: courage and courage of Amina's sons and couples Al-Shaheed, Philosophy of Al-Hayat al-Mawhada: The freedom of resistance figures

Abstract Halliday's functional theory is one of the important theories in the systematic vision. According to Halliday, meaning is divided into three sections, each of which complements the other. Halliday expressed it as the three functions of language: the experiential function, the communicative function, and the textual function. In the experiential function, we express our experiences in relation to external reality, and language becomes a mirror of life. The experiential function is one of the functions that represent to us the miniature and tested experiential model of external reality. But does the author have a role in stating his intention in relation to this reality? The important thing in Halliday's approach is the issue of choosing between different meanings; that is, in his use of language, he believes in the importance of the linguistic possibilities that language itself provides, and they go back to the author/writer who chooses a meaning instead of a meaning from among the unlimited and multiple possibilities of language according to the text he writes. As Halliday sees it, the possibility of language is the possibility of meaning. Therefore, this study seeks to analyze the six operations of the experiential function in Surat Al-Anfal and to clarify the author's position and role in choosing their type, because the meaning and content of the text are involved in choosing the type of the six operations. (i.e. material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal, and existential). The question posed in this study is: What are the most and least employed operations and their effectiveness in clarifying the author's intention in Surat Al-Anfal? The research method in this descriptive analytical article is to analyze Surat Al-Anfal according to Halliday's experimental function and apply its six operations to the surah to reveal its relationship with the author's intention and his role in choosing the operations and their meanings. The study concluded that the material operation contains the highest percentage of employment compared to the rest of the operations; as the number of repetitions reached 40 percent compared to the rest of the operations in this surah, and this shows the material mentality of the pre-Islamic society that accepts tangible reality more than abstract reality. As for the contemporary addressee, employing this operation here makes it easier for him to conjure up the war image and represent the historical reality, even if a time has passed that exceeds 1400 years, so life emerges before him and the image is drawn for him with its terrain and he witnesses the revival of the Battle of Badr with its material features and it lives again and again in his mind.

Abstract Poetic space," the world constructed by the poet, consists of multiple and intricate elements, with time holding a prominent position. The past, present, and future are embodied in a unique interplay, enabling the poet to explore the depths of the human psyche and express their visions. As the poet begins to craft their poem, they paint a personal temporal canvas, evoking memories of the past, experiencing the present moment in its sensory and emotional details, or looking to the future with apprehension or hope. These multiple temporal dimensions, through their interaction and intertwining, lend poetry depth and richness, allowing the reader to experience a fully dimensional poetic journey. This research, employing a descriptive-analytical approach, aims to study the poetic time space in Fadel Ibrahim Al-Hamdani's poetry based on Gérard Genette's narrative theory. The research findings indicate that the temporal structure in Al-Hamdani's poetry is characterized by its linear (sequential) and interactive (non-linear) nature, where external time, linked to tangible events and historical occurrences, intersects with internal time, associated with the poet's self-awareness and emotions. To achieve this complex temporal structure, Al-Hamdani skillfully employs a range of narrative techniques. He uses flashback to document human experiences, recall past events, and highlight their impact on the present. He also uses foreshadowing to express his inner self and allude to what the future may hold. Additionally, Al-Hamdani utilizes descriptive pauses and dialogue to slow down the narrative pace, highlight minute details, and showcase psychological and emotional conflicts. Conversely, he employs ellipsis and summary to accelerate the narrative pace, condensing long periods, thereby aiding in the delivery of focused and impactful ideas. These temporal techniques are clearly manifested in Al-Hamdani's poetry through his recollection of memories with his beloved and the events he witnessed in his homeland during the American occupation of Iraq, highlighting the organic relationship between time and the sense of belonging and identity

Abstract The novel is a long fictional prose genre that relies on imagination and consists of several elements and components. These elements are interconnected with each other within specific relationships; one of these elements and components is the character element (personage), which is a central element and a fundamental component in every narrative, as a novel cannot be imagined without characters. Due to the importance of this topic, we studied the characters and their different types in the novel "Gha'ib" by the Iraqi writer Batoul Al-Khuḍayri according to the theory of the French critic and theorist Philippe Hamon on the semiotics of the character, which is based on four principles: Hamon classified them into three categories: referential characters, indexical characters, and evocative characters. The results of the descriptive-analytical research indicate that the characters of this novel are symbolic characters used by the author to express her ideas. Through these characters, she has depicted the political, economic, and social reality of Iraq during the period of wars and the imposed siege. These characters can also be considered social characters because each of them has a social role in Iraqi society at that time. The meaning and descriptive level of the characters is expressed through the presentation of the story's heroine. The author has paid great attention to providing the reader with the intellectual and mental level of the characters, as well as their physical, psychological, and social characteristics. The author's choice of names for the characters was deliberate and not random, and it achieved its readability throughout the tex

Abstract Sociology is a science that studies human societies and how they are affected by events. The relationship between literature and society is a reciprocal one in which literature is influenced by society and vice versa. The sociology of literature has undergone many changes since its inception and one of the theories that has contributed to this transformation is theories (Lucien Goldman's developmental structuralism). There are many writers who paid attention to their societies and its events, and the Omani writer Hamad al-Mukhinī did not shy away from the issues of his society, but addressed them in his texts. The present study, following the critique of the developmental structuralism of the story "Abur sekak Al-hāra wa nāī fī jabī", has adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and examine the components of this theory in the story. The most important axes that the research reached results in, including: The story worldview is revealed through the possible consciousness of the narrator/young person, in a way, he was pursuing his dream and realizing it, although he had opponents in this way. In addition to the issues that the author has considered in the course of the story, Social customs and traditions affecting the behavior of social groups, domestic violence Or father against wife and child and superstitions.

Abstract The novels of the Moroccan novelist Abd elah Ben Arafa are distinguished by the frequent symbolic use of letters, numbers and shapes. His novelistic experience is a luminous study of understanding the relationships between words and shapes and their corresponding numbers in the abjad system as Sufi philosophical symbols. In all of this, he is influenced by Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi in his book Al-Futuhat Al-Makkiyya according to his Sufi vision of the world. Among the twelve mystical novels that ibn Arafa has produced since the beginning of the third millennium, his trilogy, Jabal Qaf, Bahr Nun, and Bilad Sad, is distinguished by absorbing its intellectual reference from the Sufi heritage and its figures, especially Ibn Arabi, in the essence of human existence and the absolute divine self, and re-broadcasting it in a new narrative position, as it is full of letters, numbers, and shapes with mystical and Sufi connotations that come in continuous interaction with the previous idea. This study, with its descriptive and analytical approach, seeks to trace the symbolism of numbers, letters and shapes and decipher their codes according to the views of the Sufis, especially the idea of ​​Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi in the unity of being, which is considered the first influence on the thinking of Abd elah Ibn Arafa. The study concluded that the letters, shapes and numbers in Ibn Arafa’s trilogy have transcended their lexical meanings and the novelist has given them a spiritual glow that is consistent with the Sufi idea. Ibn Arafa quoted the titles of his three novels about the separate letters of the Qur’an to demonstrate the Sufi idea of ​​letters as a divine secret that aims to know and witness God. In his three novels, the novelist repeated some numbers such as seven, twelve, four, and forty in more than one narrative situation to correspond with the Qur’anic verses that speak about creation. He also repeated the shapes of the square and the circle many times to symbolize the four directions and the circular conception of existence from Ibn Arabi’s perspective