Arabic Literature

Abstract “Maqamat” ,Written by Badi Al-Zaman Hamadani, Known as “Maqamqt Al-Kodyah”, is a book written in 4th century (Hijra) and The scholars have paid attention to it from that age till now. Also the structure trait of Maqamat has absorbed effort of researchers to itself and lead them to have less consider to the meaning aspect of this book. Therefore some scholars believe That The Badi Al- Zaman’s efforts is compressed in word arrangement having no tendency to the meaning. Further some believes that Maqamat teaches straight trict and juggle to others, so it has no moral value. But we think Maqamat has historic and social value therewith literary value and Badi Al- Zaman has scrupled in topic choice as carefully as word and stylist choice. Because he smashes fences around literature which limited it to the specific topics, by choice beg as topic and burrowed in to the society and mass life. Thus in This article we try to peruse correlation between Maqamat and society to know we can increase our Linguistics teaching and more information about 4th century (Hijra) people by reading Maqamat.

Abstract The study of the sentence and its divisions has been always a cause of difference in syntactical viewpoints among the ancient and modern Arab grammarians. Ibn Hesham sees three divisions for the Arabic sentence: the noun sentence, the verb sentence and the adverb sentence. The adverb sentence in his view is that in which a time or place adverb or a prepositional phrase is the predicate proceeded by a negative or interrogative article such as: Al-Makhzoomi like other Arab grammarians disagrees with Ibn Hesham in this point and sees only two divisions for the Arabic sentence: the verb sentence and the noun sentence. He says in respect to the third part of Ibn Hesham`s divisions ie. the adverb sentence: if the adverb depends upon an article the sentence should be a verb one and if it not, then that is a noun sentence and needs not to add a third part such as the adverb sentence to the divisions. He also contradicts Ibn Hesham with regard to the differentiation criteria between the verb and the noun sentences. He sees the both following Arabic sentences:similar as verb sentences, because the predicate in the both is the verb; while he suggests that the sentence, because it has a noun predicate, as a noun sentence.

Abstract To write the history of Arab literature, contemporary Arab writers have used different methods. These methods differ from each other and each one has some advantages over the other methods, although there are some commonalities between them in classifying different stages of Arab literature, the manner of introducing poets and writers, reviewing different types of poem and prose, and interpreting semantic aspects of poems. In this paper, the books written by Arab authors and the methods used by these authors in the past two centuries have been reviewed and the strengths of each book have been refered to. It seems that some of the contemporary Arab writers have tended to use the methods of orientalists in writng the history of Arab litrature and some of them have used the traditional methods. Following the methods of orientalists, another group of writers have tried to amend the deficiencies of these methods.

Abstract The irony is a flexible Structure in Arabic and Persian languages in which speaker can state his concerns ambiguously and addressee comprehend the favorite meaning of the irony according to his atmosphere and cultural situation This artistic and eloquent approach has various motives like shame and shyness, fear of saying beliefs freely, attraction of addressee, defamilarezation, running away from punishment and etc to declare the message indirectly. The irony has linguistic, social, national and literary functions. It can also challenge the process of inference at individual, legal, historical fields .

Abstract Salm ibn Amr khasir The First Abbasid poet born in Basra.He was a pupil and narrator of the poet Bashar ibn Burd. He acquired his nickname (the Loser),when he sold a copy of the Quran in exchange for a book of verse; other explanations are also given. When young,he moved to Baghdad and became a panegyrist of the ‘Abbasid caliphs,the Barmakids, in especial Fadl Barmaki,and other leading persons.He kept company with Abu al ‘Atahia , Marwan ibn Abi Hafsa, Waliba ibn Hubab and Abu al-Shamaqmaq.Salm made panegyric poems and elegies. He died in 186 (Hejira) Some enumeratc him Sadducee for his relation with Bashar. He invented the ultra –short rajaz monometer (four syllables per line: mustaf’ilun) employed in a poem praising Hadi

Abstract This article aim to investigate image concept from the traditional rethoric point of view and shows how traditional rethoric stopped because of negligible understanding of image notion and focus on shape, without seriously dealing with contents. Although in this respect, Molla Abdolghaher Jorjani is superior to others and has vast attempts, but after him there was no suitable evolution in rethoric . Furthermore, this article tries to show why traditional rethoric failed in releasing itself from details in image and didn’t gain structured view to image where manner of relation of content relationship with these images has been scrutinized. Although Abdolghaher had attempts in this field, which is pioneer of his time, but after him these issues were not followed, even some eloquence experts, narrowed his opinions and decreased their values. The method of this research is investigation of prominent rethoric point of view in traditional eloquence to present a policy of traditional eloquence. Necessity of this research is that it highlights defects and shortages of traditional rethoric and reveals that applied researches based on traditional rethoric are not enough and we must use new theories in rethoric beside them.

Abstract Emotion is a force with which we convey our interior feeling such as love, hatred, anger, anxiety and is general all our joys to the others.emotin, or maybe its force by itself is one of most fundamental bases of a literary work and its exactly the factor that makes the words or the works eternal , because it evokes the person emotion and feelings all the time and the person never gets tired of reading it. Science and scientific theories related to it are made and processed by our wisdom and wisdom is rapidly changeable but emtion has very little changes and even if its changer at a time , the change is not in the foundation and its basis , but the change is in the form and is appearance. Emotin itself includes: the emotin of enthusiasm , fear , joy and anger and each of them has its own special details and perceptions. Enthusiasm , for example , includes the two element of eulody and thankfulness.emotion of fear includes apolgy and affection and joy includes enthusiasm and tenderness and tenderness and anger includes satire , promise and blame

Abstract One of the most important task of the researchers after selection the research topic, is search for various sources and references for gathering data and information about the subject. undoubtedly this search has been more extensive and accurate, value and credibility. Accordingly should be said that the number and variety of citation sources and credit is one of the criteria in evaluation academic research. Review of more than 85 research articles in the Arabic language and literature journals has been published indicate that regardless of a few of articles accepted research that required standards have been somewhat as an appropriate model for researchers have been mentioned, but in many of the articles in the Journal of Arabic Language and Literature in the country, the scientific regulations and standards regarding the necessity and quality, citing to various sources, has not been considered. As a result, many research articles in Arabic language and literature have got lots of defects and faults such as: excessive reliance on secondary and less important sources, that resulting from lack of attention to resources status and credit of the authors, lack of resources, lack of variety and lack of external resources that resulting from brief search and superficial that due to the bigger problem called lack of scientific motivation and only intended to use only the relevant points to improve.

Abstract Mohammad Mahdi Javaheri most of whose poems have political and social concepts is one of the prominent poets in Iraq. He could devote himself to composing national poems for more than a half century. Although most of his poems talk about movements and heroism in Iraq, it should not be ignored that he did not limit himself just to his country. In this regard, he had pugnacity view against tyranny in Islamic world in addition to his country, Iraq. In fact, his poems are indicative of Islamic and Arabic identity. He could rely in his work on Islamic codes and unity, cooperation and correlation in Islamic world. In this article, it has been tried to discuss his poems from the aspect of Islamic nationalism

Abstract Nostalgia is a Summary of bitter and sweet inner sense to individuals, past, occasions, hometown or country, utopia and hidden inner wishes. in psychological view, this sense is a result of mental remen berance or idealism, and for several reason such as to be far away from hometown, immigration, failure in personal life, mourning of the friends' loss, loss of golden situation, listening to music, gazing remnants and past generation works, aging and physical decline, occur in the inner sight of individual that is out of authority of individual. Since literature is manifestation of human's pure emotions and feelings, this unconscious sense has special sight in literary text and undoubtedly it is more clear in some literary text for special reasons. For instance we can point the samples such as: Ivan madaen, majestic and Luxurious place of Sasanid period which became wreckage over time that was effective in nostalgia sense in Bohtori (Arabic poet of Third century) and Khaghni (Persian poet of sixth century). Both Arab and Persian poet after gazing remnants of this palace with exemplary view from nostalgia sense, they felt sorry about glorious period of palace and its lords; they sighed to present loneliness with mental remembrance about past generation and past golden occasions and they protested to the present while the time is going on. So, this article is to clear and bold it's nostalgic components. Besides how much both mentioned poets could reflect it in there poems. Word, image, color, allegorical and national-religious hints, allusion with implicit meaning, the type of used sentences in second goals are most important lingual components that come from this unconscious sense in Bohtori and Khaghani's odes that have been analyzed in this Article

Abstract In this paper, at first we reviewed the topics of literary modern criticism and psychological criticism and relationship between psychology and literature, paving the ground for the entry in the main topic. Then We critique the modernist novel «when we left the bridge» by Abdul Rahman Munif through archetypes put forward by psychologists and critics. In this paper criticism of the novel mentioned on the basis of these original models is: the self, the sage old man, the keeper of the threshold, the Prophet, the colored, the shade and the clown