Arabic Literature

Abstract Both Nimā and Al–Bayāti are one of the vanguard poets in contemporary literature of Iran and Iraq. Although it is not connection between them, but the synchronic conditions and living in analogous politic and social conditions, and inferior absolutism and stifling atmosphere, having social commitment with mulish and protester soul against society and taking up a fortified state against that, and acquainting symbolist poets of French literature, and trend to symbolism, have given very communications between their poetry. For example we can allude to dreadful attendance of “night“ in their poems by absolutism and tense atmosphere sign. This essay by allusion to function of “night “in contemporary poems, analyze two poems: “Hast shab“ and “Allayl –lo fi kolle makanen“ of Nimā and Al–Bayāti. Afterwards explains the similarity and differentiation between them.

Abstract Hafez Ibrahim was an Egyptian neoclassical poet, who called Shāir al-Neel which means the poet of the Nile, and called Shāir al-Shāb, which means poet of the people. Besides, he was also called "the musical poet" because of his poetry which is full of meter and rhythm. This paper attempts to review the musical structure as well as the external music and themes in Hāfiz Ibrāhim's poems. In this regard, after having a glance at the biography of this poet, we have reviewed the following items in Hāfiz Ibrāhim's poems: musical poem and its rate, the used rhythms in his poetry, verbal music (such as: repetition and synonymy etc.) and semantic music (such as: Antithesis etc.).

Abstract Al-adab al-saghīr has been translated from Pahlavi, and can be regarded as the crossroads of the Iranian and Islamic cultures. Ibn-e Moqafa’a, like other translators of Pahlavi texts, translated texts which were in line with Islamic thoughts from Pahlavi to Arabic. This was warmly welcomed in the Arab world, but they were gradually intertwined with Arabic thoughts and the Iranian roots were forgotten.
In the present paper, the sources for some Iranian thoughts in Ketab- al-adab al-ṣaghīr will be presented. This paper will also signify the deeply rooted Iranian culture in Arabic literary works.

Abstract Short story is a specific form of narration which can play the role of society corrector in critical societies. Sādeq Hedāyat and Tāmer both show different aspects of their social problems. They magnify issues such as illogical family atmospheres, patriarchy, weak human relationships and consequences of modernity and modernism without having the basis of their acceptance in society and insecure social situation for women. Each of the Hedāyat and Tāmer by own specific methods show these conflicts through stories and they try to criticize social rules. In their stories the gloomy and frightful atmospheres are reflections of the sick society surrounding them. Beside all their style differences in opening stories and narration from of social issues still they have a lot in common in the concepts they choose for their stories. They both struggle to revise the sick society which creates suffering for their people. Accordingly the difference in attitude of the both author about woman, does not preclude having a similar attitude around the crisis that has caught woman in their fiction community. This study is finished with American comparative literature.

Abstract Maqsad-ol-Aqsa fi tarjamat-ol-Mostaqsa« is a detailed history of Mohammad (peace be upon him) and the khalifas, which is translated from Arabic by Hossein Ibn el-Hassan el-khwarazmi el-kubravi (died in A.H. 839). His other writings prove his talent in many different scientific fields such as Gnosticism, commentary of Quran, mathematics and astronomy. His poems were published as »the name of Hossein –e- mansour –e- Hallaj. A knowledgeable correction on his poetical works seems to be necessary. The Mostaqsa principally based on the Sahih of Muslim and al-Bukhari and on the Moatta, this book has been written in the later half of the sixth century of the Hijrah in twenty-five chapters, from birth and genealogy of Mohammad to khilafat of Imam Ali and Imam Hassan. To the last chapter the translator has added six sections (maqsad), containing notices of the Imam Hossein to Imam Reza. Correction of Al-Maqsad ol-Aqsa is important from two perspectives: first of all to understand Abol-karam Abd ol-Salam Andaresfani’s personality, a knowledgeable and sophisticated master in Hadith (sixth century) whom we are not completely aware of his life in detail. This book points to some of his scripts and writings. Second of all to comprehend the writer’s character (Hossain khwarazmi) whom his complete life is not thoroughly clear too.

Abstract “Karbala’s epic” was composed in 222 odes and more than 6000 verses by “Saeed al Osaili” (1929 - 1994), the contemporary Lebanese poet. Accounting to the life of Imam Hussain (AS) from birth to death, this epic Contains, tender affection, fluent words and phrases and appropriate rhythm. This paper is seeking to study the literary elements of  Karbala’s epic and analyze the affection of the poet and its diversity, its imagination forms such as simile, metaphor and metonymy, the thought of poet, the method of expression and its style. In addition, it argues issues like words, phrases, music, rhyme, and meter.

Abstract Most of the linguists and grammarians accepted the synonymy. The cause that made us deal with it again is achievement new accomplishments. Beyond doubt, results that we harvested are important to understand the Quran and Hadiths. In this Paper We want through discussion synonyms that Sheikh AliSaghir and the others referred to those show the points of difference and agreement.

Abstract Intertextuality is a theory that by its entrance to the field of literary criticism caused excellent change in this field. According to this theory each composition, consciously or unconsciously is a birth and rereading of previous or contemporary composition. According to this theory, we saw many Arabic texts that each of them in any kind or shape is in relation with classic Arabic texts and – compositions that Quran effects is more than other texts.
Badr Shāker sayyāb is one of the Pioneer in Arabic contemporary poem and is one of the poets who had a unique reference to Quran. For telling proposes like political aims, pain of disease and …he used the words and gist of Quran in order to have more influence on readers and in result, different types of intertextuality rules are parallel negation in his poetry. These relations are more common in words, Themes, and characteristic.

Abstract Nowadays novel has a dominant role in literature owing to its special capability to demonstrate the social dilemmas and stories. The main factor which makes a novel attractive is proportionality and symmetry of dialogue with characters and the story.
In the case of narratology of a story, an alerted analyzer illustrates premier features of the story with employing narrative mechanisms and storytelling expertise. One of the main elements of story is the dialogues since they reveal the nature and spirit of the characters in the story.
Conveying the dialogues from the author to the audience is done by the narrator which is referred to the narrative reports of speech acts and this is formed by the nature of the relationship between the narrator and the characters.
Al-Iklaa Aks az-Zaman, a realistic and renowned novel by Emily Nasrollah, the current Lebanese novelist lady, could be referred to as novel with well-built narrative tricks to describe characters and events strongly while applying fivefold narrative reports of speech in a proper manner.
These methods are originated in the ability of narrator in the story (report speech) and lead to the ability of characters in the story (free direct speech).
This article focuses on the narrative report of speech acts of story, with regards to their frequency of occurrence, to illustrate their narrative elegancies.

Abstract Al-shanfarā (6th century BC) with a group of poets such as Taabbata Sharran (“he who has put evil in his armpit”) are among the best known of the sulūk (“brigand”) poets. Shanfarā was depicted as living a life of solitude and hardship based on the looting and plundering. Shanfarā has two long and famous odes. One of them is Tāeiyeh and the other is Lāmiyyatu'l arab. Lāmiyyatu'l arab is one of the most famous poems in the Arabic literature which can be as important as Moallaqāt. Lāmiyyatu'l arab is natural expression of nomad life and far from features of urban life. Shanfarā in this poem has taken pride in following items: homelessness, poverty, looting at cold nights, refusing the life with Breaking, preferring the wild animals to his tribe, simple life, endurance against starvation, courage, taking revenge. Since the Lāmiyyatu'l arab has been quoted orally from the pre-Islamic times to the Eighth century AD, and was not written in the literary collections, Ibn-e Dorayd among the ancients and Yosuf Khalif and Korenko among the moderns scholars have doubts in its attribution to Shanfarā. On the other hand there are other scholars such as Borokelman, Jorge Yaqoob, Abdo-l Halim Hafni, Foad Bostani and Emil Badie Yaqoob who believed that Lāmiyyatu'l arab belongs to Shanfarā. This article tries to find that whether Lāmiyyatu'l arab’s attribution to Shanfarā is true or not.