Arabic Literature

Abstract Critiquing the methodological processes underlying new critical approaches to the legacy of eloquent rhetoric necessitates understanding the deviant ideas dominating rhetoric. ʻᾹbid Jābirī (1936) drawing on modern humanities developed the intellectual project of "Critique of Arab Reason" across Arabic heritage. under the pretext of engaging with heritage, and through a unified critical approach and two different methods; he provides a critical reading of the views of rhetorical thinkers. He assumes Jurjānī (d. 471 AH) under the divergent thought in the project of "Critique of Arab Reason," framing him negatively by equating his rational method with the institutionalization of analogical thinking, which imposed a type of stagnation on rhetoric. The present study aims to explore how Jābirī's critical reading and methodology regarding the two concepts of "Analogy" and the "System of reasoning" of Jurjānī are based on critical-thinking paradigms using a qualitative approach and inductive method. The results indicated that Jābirī's main opposition to ʻAbd al-Qāhir lies in Jurjānī's epistemology. Moreover, he views "Analogy" and the "System of reasoning" as the foundational elements of Jurjānī's epistemological approach. Jābirī sees no similarity between Jurjānī and Aristotle, emphasizing the difference between philosophical and religious methods; rather, he believes that Jurjānī's method of reasoning and inferences are foreign to the essence of rhetoric. He describes ʻAbd al-Qāhir's rational system as a dead form of reason in the study of rhetoric, due to the necessity to adhere to meaning. Therefore, according to Jābirī, Jurjānī's argumentative formulation is governed by a type of subjectivism. He prefers demonstrative analogy over expressive analogy for engaging with rhetoric

Abstract Humans utilize language for communication and the transmission of thought, structuring their objectives and intentions within its framework. Pragmatics, or the study of language use, prioritizes the communicative functions of language. One such function is persuasion, achieved through argumentative techniques that influence the syntactic structure of sentences. Among modern grammatical theories, Simon Dik’s Functional Grammar, later adopted by Ahmad al-Mutawakkil, adopts a pragmatic approach to sentence structure, emphasizing the pragmatic roles and communicative goals of linguistic elements. This descriptive-analytical study investigates the interplay between argumentative techniques and components of Functional Grammar in the Thirty-First Letter of Nahj al-Balagha. The findings reveal that the interrogative focus in the letter overlaps with rhetorical questioning, serving as a strategy to internalize beliefs in the audience’s mind. The complementary focus aligns with textual citations, functioning as a mechanism to expand the audience’s semantic horizon and encourage action. The focal chain resembles a pragmatic continuum, grading the hierarchical levels of argumentation from Imam Ali’s (AS) perspective. Additionally, contrastive focus, through focalization, establishes the groundwork for argumentation and stabilizes reasoning. Modal adjuncts in Imam Ali’s (AS) discourse, reflecting his commitment to the occurrence of events, play a role in reinforcing or weakening argumentative propositions

Abstract One of the fundamental concepts of cognitive linguistics is the concept of image schemas. Schema theory suggests that many of the more complex human concepts are explained by simple empirical patterns. Analyzing image schemas as a critical tool helps us have a more meaningful connection with the outside world. The present study attempts to examine the concepts of three groups of visual schemas, such as volumetric, power, and movement schemas, in Kamal Nasser's poems using Johnson's linguistic approach, using a descriptive-analytical method. And explain the poet's worldview with the help of these schemas. One of Kamal's poetic characteristics is his focus on social themes, which is why he was able to express the state of his society. The results of the research show that the volumetric schema implies concepts such as shared and collective grief. The power schema refers to the occupying enemy, colonization, the establishment of the Jewish state, and resistance. The movement schema also contains the concepts of the return and movement of the Palestinians to their homeland, the advance of death toward them, and the rapid passage of time. And among these types of schemas, the schema of power of the type of obstacle has a more prominent presence. The poet's worldview is also a combination of the struggle for human and social rights, faith in the ability of the mujahideen, intolerance of oppression, and love for society

Abstract The ancient Greek heritage and especially the myths of that land have an active presence in contemporary Palestinian poetry and are considered one of the important instruments of that poetry. The myth of Icarus is one of the important myths that has attracted the attention of Palestinian poets. This myth, due to having a set of contradictory concepts in it, including captivity by the enemy, passion for flight, trying to overcome adverse conditions, ascensionism, desire for immortality on the one hand, and narcissism, false self-confidence, Paying attention to the advices of wise old man and the fall and failure on the other hand, provided this ground for the mentioned poets to take inspiration from that ancient experience and outline their wishes with a new look, considering the political and social conditions governing Palestine. and discuss their personal and non-personal experiences and convey their mental concepts to poetic audiences with a more artistic interpretation. In the light of the prominent presence of the myth of Icarus in contemporary Palestinian poetry and the important role of that mythical figure in conveying some concepts, the present research tries to reveal the reading of the myth of Icarus by contemporary Palestinian poets with a qualitative approach and descriptive-analytical method. The poets who were inspired by the above-mentioned myth in six songs are Ezzeddin Manasera, Samih Al-Qasim and Jabra Ibrahim Jabra. The investigation shows that the studied poets have involved the mythical character of Icarus more in the dark and dramatic atmosphere and that character is mainly responsible for bitter political and social experiences

Abstract Analyzing signs within a broader, universal context yields more comprehensive and effective results. This approach allows for the discovery of the dominant worlds and how the discourse of the text is formed in a given work. In this regard, the theory of the semiosphere by the Russian theorist Yuri Lotman is worthy of attention and analysis. According to this theory, all signs are interconnected and are reproduced within a specific, limited cultural and abstract space. This sphere facilitates an accurate analysis of signs and fosters coherence within the literary text, offering a suitable approach for a precise analysis of literary works. Rejection, differentiation, and absorption are the three main components of this theory, which examines how signs are formed and lead to the creation of a semiosphere. This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach to investigate the environmental poem Al-Miyah Al-Miyah by Lebanese poet Wadih Sa'adeh based on this theory, aiming to analyze the semiosphere formed within the work and its role in creating discourse and meaning. The results indicate that the poet has rejected abstract elements from his semiosphere, erased the boundaries between himself and nature and water, and attempted to convey an environmental discourse by absorbing elements of nature

Abstract According to scholars of rhetoric and traditional and classical linguists, metaphor is word-oriented and limited and exclusive to words. According to them, metaphor is used only in literature and has an aesthetic aspect. But in cognitive linguistics, looking at metaphor is very broad and metaphor is concept-oriented, not word-oriented. From the perspective of cognitive linguistics, not only literature, but also language, including literary language, is the manifestation of conceptual structures such as metaphors, metaphors, and imaginary schemas in the human mind. According to George Likoff and Mark Johnson, metaphor is a means of thinking that is present in human behavior, including language behavior. The present article aims to study and analyze imaginary metaphors in Al-alaviyat by Mohammad Abd al-Muttalib according to the theory of Likaf and Johnson. The results indicate that the poet has conceptualized the abstract and abstract concepts well by means of objective concepts by using the three schemes (volume, power and movement) and beautifully depicted intangible and abstract concepts. After the investigations, it was determined; Out of the total imaginary schemes used in this supplement, 65 percent are volumetric, 18 percent are movement and 17 percent are strength

Abstract A complete understanding of discourse requires going beyond mere lexical-grammatical analysis and utilizing modern linguistic approaches. One effective tool in this regard is Grice's Cooperative Principle and the implicatures that arise from violations of its four maxims (quantity, quality, relation, and manner). This study aims to explore the implied meanings in the play Watani 'Akka by the Egyptian writer Sharqawi, who, in his works on resistance literature, places more emphasis on the concepts of resistance from a literary perspective. Given that the play is centered around dialogue between characters, the dialogic interaction between Palestinian fighters as the "self" and Zionists as the "other" is examined throughout the themes of the play. The analysis shows that the maxims of quantity (through verbosity and brevity) and manner (through the use of relative pronouns like "we" and "I") are the most frequently violated in all three types of dialogues: (self-self), (self-other), and (other-other). Verbosity is used for emphasis, reasoning, quoting leaders, persuasion, and emotional expression, while brevity is employed in critical moments. The violation of the maxim of manner is used to generalize concepts of friendship or enmity, implicitly reference the role of the West and the United States in supporting Zionism, and address issues of life, death, and martyrdom. The study also reveals that assertive speech acts are predominantly used to convey truths related to Zionism and the fighters' operations, while directive speech acts are employed for commands, prohibitions, and rhetorical questions to convey the concepts of resistance, highlight the Zionists' weakness, and emphasize the fighters' logic