Arabic Literature

Abstract As one of the relatively new branches of human knowledge, semiotics seeks to open new horizons of the text to the audience by relying on the text and deciphering the signs and how they work. The narrative poems of Wadī‛ Sa‛ādah, a contemporary Lebanese poet, and Hafez Mousavi, a contemporary Iranian poet, have intricate inner layers and meanings that describe events in visual language. Considering the diversity of cryptographic levels in the narrative poems of these two poets, this research employed a descriptive-analytical method and the American comparative School to investigate the cryptographic semiotics in the poem "Dead Moments" by Wadī‛ Sa‛ādah, and "Say something, from love ..." by Hafez Mousavi via the French semiotics based on "Five Codes" of Roland Barthes (1915-1980), and acquire dimensions of the interpretive capacities of these two poems. The results obtained from this research are such that the cryptocurrencies used in these two poems, apart from the formal use, are considered one of the successful tricks of the two poets in creating open text. This issue is more evident in the titles of both poems, which are interpretable and can be studied in the context of enigmatic codes. The semantic codes of these two poems with implicit meanings and its symbolic codes with obvious and understandable contrasts, proairetic codes, as the most frequent codes of these two poems with related developments and cultural codes with an ideological dimension and intertextual explanation are successful in representing the events of the war and the ultimate goal of Sa‛ādah and Mousavi and are considered as a factor in advancing the narrative movement of the text

Abstract Elaine Showalter is an American feminist theorist, by proposing the theory of “gynocriticism” and relying on a recurring model in literary subcultures, emphasizes the need to analysis the works of women writers in any country in support of this theory. In this way, it passes through two stages of Imitation (female stage) and protesting against the dominant (feminist stage), finally reaches the third stage, which is to achieve individual identity (feminine stage). The present study intends to use the method of qualitative content analysis and relying on the three stages proposed, examines four works of fiction by Algerian women writers and can show the evolution of female imitation and the reproduction of the norms of the masculine tradition of Algerian women writers to a conscious protest and rebellion and finally  achieving seif-awareness, as well as the extent to which they succeed in reflecting their demands in literature. Finally, it can be stated that the Manifestation of the model of Showalter's theory in the women’s works occurred simultaneously, which this is due to the delay in the presence of Algerian women in the field of writing, It is important to note that only Ahlam Mostaghani in the novel "Al-Aswad Yaliq Bek" managed to enter the third stage triumphantly. Thus, this work is considered as a the beginning of the female writing tradition for other female writers to manifest female activism and self-awareness in women's writing

Abstract Postcolonial critique examines the methods of imperialism's influence on literature by examining the relationship between the colonizer and the colonized, and has attracted the attention of thinkers in the field of cultural studies. The most important feature of this approach is the critique and change of colonial ideas, and postcolonial critics seek to end the one-sided reading of colonial discourse. One of the main pillars of postcolonial critique is Edward Saeed's book Orientalism, which deals with the state of colonialism and the colonial performance from a different perspective. Saeed believes that orientalists, instead of examining the real self of the East, present a reduced and fake image of it. Thus, in the form of an inverted Orientalism, he changes this erroneous modeling and introduces the East in a different way. Syrian novelist "Hanna Mine", has taken a political approach in most of his works and the main pivot of his works is the fight against colonialism and its consequences. He has written the novel "Al-Rabie wa Al-Kharif" in this direction. Mina in this multi-layered work, after describing the challenges of living in the west for eastern immigrants, especially in the cultural dimension, from the perspective of a colonized, rereads the relationship between him and the colonizer and challenges the colonial discourse. This study tries to investigate the contrasting components of postcolonial critique such as east and west, self and other, eastern man and western woman, and superior and inferior in the mentioned novel based on the viewpoints of Edward said, who is one of the most prominent theorists in this branch. The results of the work indicate the pivotal role of the gender component in Al-Rabie wa Al-Kharif and the efforts originated from Hanna mine's serious criticisms of western hegemony to reverse confrontation ideas in western orientalism

Abstract Brid al-Layl is the narration of exposing and undressing  the intellectual rumination of characters whose unhealthy social and insanitary cultural conditions of their surroundings, as well as the gaps in it, have underlied  the appearance of multiple psychoses in their existence. Hoda Barakat, the author of the novel, pays great attention to creating of the thoughts of these characters, as well as their individual and interpersonal actions, That Reveals the necessity of doing a research with psychological approach. In the forthcoming research that has been written by analyzing content method and ways, we want to use the same method disclose The set of factors involved in creation Schema domains of Disconnection and Rejection and his early maladaptive schemas into first character created in this novel. Then we want to analyze schemas of his mind and coping style using for encountering this schemas and difficulties that occurred as a result of conflict of this schemas and coping styles. Results of this analysis show that: writer of this novel chose the suitable subject for showing manner of Occurrence and happening schema domain of Rejection, character with suppressed kind feeling and emotions that was left in childhood and lived alone with many psychological problems and difficulties. This situation cause schemas Abandonment occupy most of his mind state. Also copying of his mother behavior encourage him to use more coping styles Extreme Schema Compensation for contrasting with his schemas. Although in adulthood the situation was provided for him to receive affection and attention but cognitive distortion inhibit betterment of his schemas. The collection of this schemas and coping styles cause problem in cognitive, emotional and intra persons approach and lead to problems and form and bring abnormal and unusual thoughts and feelings in his mind and inhibit building a correct relationship with other people.

Abstract Metafiction is one of the most prominent literary genres in postmodern literature. Meanwhile, metanarratives have been able to introduce themselves in the field of literature with the help of special features rooted in postmodernity. In the meantime, the ontological features in metanarratives are able to deal with philosophical-existential issues opening a postmodern dimension without following any particular order in the author’s views and thoughts. In a sense, it can be closely associated with some other features of metanarratives, namely, uncertainty, artificiality, historiography, temporal anxiety and the author’s entry into the text as the leading focus of existential anxiety within the story. Accordingly, the objective of this article is to scrutinize metafictional ontology in ʻAbd al-Karīm Burshīd’s postmodern play Ibn al-Rūmī fī muduni al-ṣafīḥ. However, the present article, with the aim of developing and using the descriptive-analytical method with the play in question, seeks to answer the question as to what extent the existential boundaries in Ibn al-Rūmī fī muduni al-ṣafīḥ are influenced by postmodernist criteria? The initial impression of the research notes that the author has the greatest influence on the existential views reflected in the text and has managed to change the existential boundaries at times drawing on the omniscient point of view. Time uncertainty and anxiety have also played a role in drawing the boundary between existence and non-existence to the extent that the author's historiography along with the inner characters of the text have also led to a display of time anxiety and failure. Likewise, the author's clear expression through a fictitious text has led the reader to dwell in the boundaries between reality and fantasy with the existential boundaries have been blurred once again

Abstract Semiotics as one of the methods of literary criticism analyzes the semantic structure of poetry. Pierce's pattern as one of the exact patterns for recognizing the relationship of linguistic signs in the context of the text of the poem, which leads to the discovery of hidden data at the lower and deeper levels of the text. Farooq Jowaida is one of the romantic poets whose concept of love in lexicon and lexical framework has a variety of semantic loads and implications and he has tried to use literary and indirect language through a network of poetic images and linguistic signs of his poetic purposes and themes. To express. Therefore, the present study tries to deal with the semiotics of words meaning the concept of love based on descriptive and analytical methods and relying on Pierce's theory, and to investigate how the parts of the sign, ie, appearance, interpretation and subject, are related in creating the signs related to love. Based on the findings of the study, Jowaida has created poetic signs related to the concept of love in the form of aesthetic, spatial and temporal codices and horizontal and vertical axis of the word. And has expressed his intentions in virtual and covert language. Therefore, the present study tries to deal with the semiotics of words meaning the concept of love based on descriptive and analytical methods and relying on Pierce's theory, and to investigate how the parts of the sign, ie, appearance, interpretation and subject, are related in creating the signs related to love. Based on the findings of the study, Jowaida has created poetic signs related to the concept of love in the form of aesthetic, spatial and temporal codices and horizontal and vertical axis of the word. And has expressed his intentions in virtual and covert language

Abstract Sci-fi is one of the types of literature that has been introduced in fiction after the World War II and the industrialization of societies. One of the themes of this literary genre is the study of social and human issues that are more important in Arabic literature. Arabic science fiction literature conceptualizes the subject of power, which seems to be very close to Michel Foucault's theory of "bio-power." The novel "Al-Sayyid Min Haql Al-Sabankh" by Sabri Musa is one of the most prominent Arabic science-fiction works. this study seeks to take a new look at the novel "Al-Sayyid Min Haql Al-Sabankh" Based on the "bio-power" theory to discover how an Arabic science-fiction work conceptualizes "power". This research has examined this novel using a qualitative method and analytical-critical approach, and the obtained results indicate that this novel is largely consistent with Foucault's theories on bio-power. In this novel, the author demonstrates a power that is not only applied in a soft form, but also like the air that is breathed. It is current in all social relations and affects all aspects of citizens' lives. And the exercise of power is not based on killing but on giving life, and the ruling regime guarantees a healthy and safe life for all citizens. Power in this novel manifests itself in a different way in society and controls all citizens, both individually and as a population, and this is exactly the bio-power in Foucault's thought