Arabic Literature

Abstract Human uses language as a tool to communicate with others and expresses his knowledge and requests with that. Every country or culture has its own special language. One of the most eloquent and conceptual ways of transferring language experience and communication is the proverb. This language phenomenon represents a clear vision of its society circumstances whether in cultural, political or historical terms and it is unique in its own kind, especially, if the proverbs be common, because their commonness shows that these wisdoms have been taken from society depths and they have been occasionally modified. Most of these proverbs have been received in visual schemes taken from the human imagination. In other words, human experience is an inseparable part in all of them. The present research has surveyed the visual schemes in Mosul common proverbs represented by George Lakoff and Johnson and it has shown that the represented volumetric schemes by the linguists have been conceived according to the human abstract behavior and attitude and their growth is obvious in Mosul and they have high frequency among the other visual, dynamic and communication schemes and also, in power scheme, the top-down scheme has the least frequency. Most of the focus of Mosul people is on the details of affairs and the scheme of being inhibited which mostly  consists of coming to a dead end is considerably visible in Mosul proverbs. In all the schemes, human thought and its physical aspect has a major impact on its metaphysical aspect

Abstract In the view of modern historicism, the narration of the incident is influenced by the discourse of power in the society and the interpretation of any event is a function of the political and social conditions and the dominant discourse. For this reason, literary works can narrate a history that defines the dominant discourse of each period.  Now the question is how Elias Khoury was able to identify the dominant discourse in the novel of Bab Al-Shams. The descriptive-analytical study of the work shows that the author in this novel is the narrator of the suffering that the Palestinians suffered after the Nakbat in 1948 and shows an image of displacement and its consequences. But in its hidden layers, it is the narrator of a discourse that tries to forget the ideology of Palestine and spread the ideology of Zionism. Even the modern Israeli historians who are claimed to have tried to depict part of Israel's crimes, still in the hidden layers of their works, In the end, their way of looking has implicit support for Israel

Abstract The most of the works written in the field of women's rights emphasize common elements such as violence against women, forced marriage, women's financial independence, women's self-objectification, and similar issues; But the novel "Al-Raviyat" written by Maha Hassan is a different and feminine novel that despite struggling with all these issues, tries to skip from these components to a different and effective paradigm in order to elevate the dignity of women and achieve a world according to their needs. Considering the capitals and abilities of women - who have been continuously oppressed and humiliated throughout history - the author says that informed women can spread the message of freedom to the whole world by promoting their awareness and knowledge. They should convey their desire to other women and to achieve this goal, they should write. French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, in his theory of types of capital, - by referring to the habitus element - proposed the issue of cultural capital as an important factor in the achievement of symbolic power by individuals and groups and the reproduction of social classes. The current research aims to investigate the issue of writing as the cultural capital of women in the novel "Al-Raviyat" written by Maha Hassan and measure its effect on the reproduction of the social position of women in "Al-Raviyat" using a descriptive-analytical method. The research results show that bold women in "Al-Raviyat" achieve symbolic power by performing actions and deeds contrary to conventional habits and by producing knowledge and raising awareness, as well as by accumulating their writing capital and finally, they build a world according to their desire and away from any discrimination

Abstract The reflection of the social culture of Arab life can be seen in many parts of the text of Nahj al-Balagha. Propositions of execration and cursing are one of the expressive linguistic elements of the culture of those times, which are important from different linguistic, psychological, and social dimensions. The use of these propositions by Imam Ali (PBUH) is sometimes strange and unfamiliar to the audience who is unfamiliar with the context of the speech, and transferring it to another culture from the context of translation seems to be an outstanding challenge due to the hidden aspects of meaning and cultural differences. These utterances, like many independent compounds such as proverbs, are connected to other parts of the text in terms of meaning and indicate a part of the social structure of Imam Ali's era. In the current research, relying on the descriptive-analytical method, based on pragmatics and situational context, an attempt is made to evaluate the implicit meanings of some of these meanings in Garmaroodi's translation of Nahj al-Balagha. Examining the situational and textual context of the use of speech acts of reproach and cursing in Nahj al-Balagha indicates the drawing of motives such as warning and neglect, disillusioning, humiliation, reprimand, surprise, and persuasion, along with due evaluation of the audience as well. The audience of these propositions were sometimes the relatives, friends, and people of the cities under the Imam's rule, and sometimes they were his enemies, which the Imam often used when complaining about and reproaching them. In the margin of his translation, Garmaroodi has pointed out the aspects of their meanings along with the semantics of a number of these expressions and has tried to create a correct concept of these types of expressions as infused within translation, by considering the secondary meanings of these expressions, such as contempt, expressing surprise, warning and reprimand, etc., and has put forth the interpretations within the translation

Abstract Metafiction is a post-modern narrative method in which the author tries to show its fictionality and story-likeness in different ways and reduce his god-like authority in narrating the events of the story. In this narrative method, the author avoids the rules of traditional and classic narration and highlights the artificiality of the story with metafictional techniques. This method of narration was also noticed by the writers of Arabic literature and many writers created famous meta-stories with this method of narration. Amjad Nasser, a Jordanian writer, is also one of the authors who used the metafictional technique in the novel "Hona Al Warde". Therefore, the present research has analyzed the application of the metafiction narrative method in the mentioned novel with a descriptive-analytical and statistical method and stated the author's goals of using this narrative method. Based on the findings of the research, with the help of metafictional techniques such as short connection, criticism of the story and reference to the way of writing the story, combining genres and styles and the uncertainty and multi-completion of the story, Nasser highlights the constructedness of his novel and with his interventions and metafictional comments, the imaginary world It connects the story and the world of reality and gives the reader an active role in the narrative process

Abstract Macro metaphors are a kind of conceptual metaphor that is not present in the structure of the text; Rather, it appears in the whole text in a conceptual form and forms the mental structure of the text. the macro metaphors give coherence to all the micro metaphors used in the text and gather them around a fixed axis. the widespread use of machine and machine learning algorithms in football and their increasing influence on player selection and training design made the connection between football and machine in language more visible, and this caused the machine to appear in the conceptualization process of many metaphors related to football. In this research, with an emphasis on the descriptive-analytical method, an attempt is made to investigate the mechanism of the macro metaphor "football as a machine" in the Arabic language, and to extract and analyze the methods of mapping the concepts of the source domain to the destination domain in this macro metaphor. for this reason, the reports and oral and written words of football analysts were examined and the most important propositions that somehow express the relationship between football and the car were collected and their metaphors were extracted. The results show that in the metaphorical chain of football language, a significant part of what is related to the world of football has a mechanical nature. also, in this chain, the conceptual metaphor "football as a machine" was recognized as the most prominent conceptual metaphor

Abstract Riffateree's semiotic approach is one of the approaches of contemporary literary criticism that provides a coherent framework for criticism and analysis of poetry. The basis of this theory is the discovery of the semantic network of the poem based on interpretation, the literary ability of the reader, and presenting a systematic method of reading the text so that the origin of the text or the main meaning of the poem can be obtained by passing from exploratory reading to retroactive reading. The current research, relying on the semiotic approach of Riffateree, aims to investigate the processes of symbolization in the ritual thoughts of Jassim al-Sahih. In this way, one can reach the most important ideology and position of the poet and present a precise and deep reading of the hidden layers of the poem. From the research findings, it can be concluded that the signs of Ashurai culture are abundantly found in this ode. However since the nature of the poem is ungrammatical, these signs must be understood through several readings and by discovering the meanings among the signs. Among the signs of the Ashura culture that are found in the ode of Zikraka Fuwahah al-Thawrat, we can mention the permanence of the memory of Imam Hussain (AS), his tragic martyrdom, and the expression of the man-building teachings of the Ashura culture