Arabic Literature

Abstract This study entitled intellectuals and their relations to alienation: A Comparative study of “Ghada al-Samman and Ghazaleh Alizadeh novels. The study includes Ghada al-Samman’s novels, namely: “Beirut Nightmares”, “The Eve of Billion”, as it discusses Ghazaleh Alizadeh’s novels, namely: “Idriss House”.
This comparative study uses the methods of the American School, which focus on common and uncommon points between literary works.
We can say that origins of intellectual’s alienation- in his country and country of emigration- return to the function of social and political powers in her society.

Abstract Islam has presented principles and foundations for the man’s guidance and perfection, and the prophet (p.b.u.H) tried very hard to promote and develop these principles in his time. After the holy prophet (p.b.u.H) passed away, each of the Imams (p.b.u.H) under the dominated circumstances of his era, followed the practice of the prophet (p.b.u.H) and tried to develop and use the Islamic programs and orders.
Imam Sajjads (p.b.u.H) has also played an important role in his duty of leadership and Imamah under the circumstances of his age and due to the impossibility of jihad combat and debate in that part of the history, he has performed his responsibility  through speech and words expressed in praying forms.
The Imam’s words not only contain deep notions and concepts, but also arranged by the beauty of decorum and art. The fluent and eloquent speech of Imam sajjad (p.b.u.H) in Sahife sajjadieh is the best manifestation of this claim. In addition to portraying lovely relationship between human and Allah in the most beautiful shape, his words contain different and various mystic, social, ethic and psychological themes.
In addition to sahife sajjadieh, there are poems releated to Imam sajjad in which the anthropology notions to be studied in this research.

Abstract Will is one of the techniques of prose that states Important community issues. Will, in the  Jahilid period  was according to Interpreting minds and personal experience as wills in Islamic period was according to Quranic style that states Islamic ideology. This article will discuss  and compared to Two Wills , One of the Gaheli period and other of islamic period, and makes The result that Abubakar Will about caliphate was according to Will Abdshms and Jahilid period  and  reveals that caliphate problem at the beginning of islamic  period was according to Jahilid tradition not based on tradition of the prophet .

Abstract The 224 to 226 verses of the Poets Chapter discuss those poets who are described as being followed by astray people, rambling here and there, and talking without doing. These holy verses have caused some people to dubiously think that Quran criticizes the poets and is against poetry. The present study aims to examinatie and answer this dubiousness, and wants to provide the true attitude of Quran toward poets. In order to shed a light on the problem at hand, the present writer has discussed different points, which includes how the last verse of the Poets Chapter is allotted, the dark milieu of the poetry at the time these verses were revealed, poetry as a kind of speech, the respect toward poets in the Holy Prophet and infallible Imams’ narrations, and suggestion of the true exegesis of the aforementioned verses. In brief, not only Quran does not criticize the poets in a universal affirmative way, but also it enumerates important divine mission for them, mainly composing poems with themes regarding theism, sermons, and invitation of people to the right path.

Abstract Al-Tamthil wal Muhadhara written by al-thaalibi is one of the brilliant books in Arabic language. This book is unique in its kind because of a number of Iranian ancient proverbs and wisdom. Among which there are arabicized Persian proverbs rooted in far-off ancient history still in common use today. This paper studied these age-old and yet familiar proverbs which are never thought of being rooted in the distant past. The antiquity, presence, and the prevalence of these proverbs in ancient Arabic texts represent the dynamism, power, and the continuity of the culture of their origin.

Abstract Ahmad waeli is one of the Iraqi and Shiite contemporary poets in the Field of religious poem.In This Type Of poem, he has been able to set a strong link between the Virtues of  Ahl-e-Beit (Peace be uPon them) and  political, social and cultural conditions prevailing his era. His religion poem is accompanied with wisdom and temperance. Further, his religious poem shows his strong emotion, belief and will to try to achieve Valuable Islamic aims. HE not only states difficulties and challenges exist in Islamic Society, But also calls the People for insight, awareness, constancy and battling tyranny and exploitation. Islamic- Shiite nobleness and avoiding of westernism and dispersion are waeli’s evident properties of thought. Using strong sermonic structures, paying attention to mental, belief, needs and present willings of Moslems are evideut charaetristics of his relious poem.

Abstract The event of Ashura is an incomparable epic in human history that remains Imam Hussain`s liberal -mindness and fight against cruelty. The character of Imam Hussain is higher than Shiite religion and Islam. In different ages Shiite poets recite much Arabic poetry in praise of Imam Hussain. Sharif Morteze who was an eminent jurisprudent was one of them and he devoted most of his poems to Imam Hussain. Sharif Morteza`s poem  in the praise of Imam is free of needless and full of honest feeling and his pure love to the Prophet`s family. In the present inquiry, the writer deals with the group of Sharif Morteza`s poems that is about Ashura and also features and social and individual characters of Imam Hussian. At the end of the research the results with the title of social and individual symbols of Imam Hussain in Sharif Morteza`s view and emotional view of Imam Hussain`s character in these poems presented to the reader with circular and columnar graphs. The writer used descriptive and analytical statistics. 

Abstract Abd- Al Sami’ Ibn-Mohammad-Ali- Yazdi is one of the Lettered, jurists & poets of 13^th century (A.H) that has done valuable services to the Arabic Language and literature like so many other Iranian. So far, there are only a few biographical books in which he has been mentioned or introduced. Unfortunately he has been forgotten during the passage of time. Most of his writings are in Arabic and their subject is Arabic syntax. One of his most important writings is Al-Orwat Al-Wothqa poem which is in hundred and ten verses. Although this literary canon is unknown, but there exist three descriptions on it among the manuscripts. These descriptions reveal its importance. This paper will introduce this Iranian scientist and its canon and correct the manuscript.

Abstract The supremacy of adaptation and imitation of antecedents over innovation is one of the features of Arab poetry after fall of Abbasid dynasty. However, literary borrowing which is deliberate and combined with tastefulness and elegance yields an appropriate effect and association on readers. Technically, in rhetoric, if a poet borrows a hemistich, a verse or some verses from others' poems as allegory; then put it in his own poem with the same rhythm and rhyme or change it a bit according to his goal, he has applied an acceptable device which is called allusion (Tadmin). One of the well-known and competent poets of this period Safi al-din al-Hilli; (died 1350) who had special attention to the celebrated Arab poets in previous periods and evocation and regeneration of their poems. Hence, he employed allusion from their poems a lot. By reflection on al-Hilli 's Diwan on one hand, and reference to Divans of precedent poets on the other hand; this study attempts to recognize many examples of allusion and its application in the Divan of this poet and introduces major sources (citing verses and expressions of antecedent poets) in successive historical periods to illuminate various types of allusion and its functions in poems of al-Hilli; and to indicate artistic use of device by this poet.

Abstract Mirza Yousefkhan Etesamolmolk (Etesami) is a prominent Iranian author, translator and scholar of Qajar era. He is among the great men who devoted his literary life to translation and other cultural activities. His translation from western works allowed Iranian people to be acquainted  with western literature. His works on Arabic language provided the opportunity for Iranian people to be familiar with contemporary Arabic works and made this capable author known to arabs. Some of his Arabic works include "Ghalaed-Al-Adab Fi Sharh –e- Atvagh-el-Zahab" ,a description on "Atvagh-el-Zahab" authored by jarollah Zamakhshari, which was published in several editions and was found interesting by Arab scholars specially the Egyptian scholars. His other works include translation of Ghasem Amin's book with the Persian title of  "Tarbiat-E-Nesvan"(women's eduction). Conducting surveys on his services and activities allows literature loving people of iran to be familiar with his cultural literary works and capabilities and this is the major goal of the authors of this  essay.

Abstract Comparing the works of Sohrab Sepehri, Iranian contemporary poet and Jibran Khalil Jibran, Arabian contemporary author fits the comparative literature in the American school though no such effects have been observed to exist between these two literary Characters.
One of the commonalities between these two literary figures is naturalism which has been considered as the utopia in their works. The two literary in this utopia, they strive to reach heaven and unity and get away from the city decorated with industrial ornamentations, in which Sepehri is closer to nature and is always praising good or bad natural phenomena and has no negative views about nature and finally reaches spiritual comfort; despite that, he does not touch upon the secrets of the elements of nature. In contrast, Jibran sometimes complains about the nature despite his apparent love for nature and by discovering the secrets of nature, he finds himself incapable of realizing his ambition for building a utopia at the heart of nature.

Abstract Due to its specific characteristics, special theoretical principles are involved in translation of religious text. The texts of this genre are classified into two categories of Divine and non-Divine each with its own considerations in the act of translation. Nahj-al-balaghah is one of the non-Divine Islamic texts. Two of the well-known translations of it into Persian are those by Seyed Jafar Shahidi and Mohammad Dashti the translation style of each is different from the other. The results of the comparative study of these two cases of translation indicates that Shahidi was inclined more to the form of the source text and tried to preserve the aesthetic elements, literary factors, cultural historical and geographical context, and the compendious and old language of the source text in his translation. This inclination severs the connection of his translation with the contemporary linguistic spirit and sacrification of the fluency resulted in reduction of communicative ability of his translation. Dashti’s translation, on the contrary, is more reader-oriented and it is compiled based on the characteristics of the contemporary language which results in a fluent text. But this approach resulted in sacrification of some features of the source text and in some cases in non-equivalency in translation.