Arabic Literature

Abstract The present study investigates dynamic verbs from pragmatic semiotics as one of critical approaches among others which clarifies the analysis of signs and their invisible relationships in meaning of the components. The application of this approach is not actualizing the meaning of a signs. It is rather an approach which defines the process of evolution of signs.  These verbs are of a tridimensional abstract or concrete nature. Deprivation of any dimension is equivalent to losing the sign altogether. Human acts in holy verses studied are the means to non - verbal communication and common behavior represent culture which culminates in doing or avoiding them. The verbs are restricted meaning wis, hence they were investigated with regard to their communicative use. The present study analyses these verbs from a pragmatic semiotics perspective. The description and analysis of the aforementioned verbs starts from a materialistic level and move on to the effective use of a sign in society. According to the results some features of these verbs can be generalized to other pragmatic signs. From among the feature, open -endedness in meaning. Some of the dimensions are regarded as equivalent in meaning. This makes these signs significant in the process of semiosis

Abstract Paradox is one of the most important rhetorical mechanisms that effectively takes part in composing the modern literary text. These texts may differ by the extent of using these mechanisms and their impact on constructing images that contradict the known reality, where the nature and the connotations of literary text seem inconceivable without understanding the concept of paradox and comprehending its occasional meaning and notions. Abbas Baydoun is considered one of the most prominent poets of the modern prose poem who made good use of figurative paradox in their texts. This research aims to study a “sour” collection. saturated with images of paradox, as they are the implications and images of the poet’s imagination about the city in which he was born and raised. This text is replete with types of deviations and verbal and pictorial paradoxes, and this group has been studied. According to the paradox of the situation and through Muecke’s criteria that divides it, to be an independent and useful study in this field. The descriptive-analytical method was adopted for this study for a comprehensive and accurate statement of all the images in this poetic collection. This study sought to address a number of topics that Baydoun used, such as the paradox of water, sea, city, stone and night.The research reached several results, including: Baydoun’s use in his poetry of many paradoxes of the situation, such as simple dissonance and the paradox of drama through a different and modern style, through smooth language and eloquent connotations. Also, Baydoun’s poetry was not devoid of the use of other rhetorical techniques such as displacement, which helped create connotations far from The reality of the pronunciation and the drawing of paintings in the sky of the imagination of the recipients of his poetry.

Abstract In an ode, there is a set of factors that make it cohesive and connected. By examining the ode from the point of view of organic unity and the factors that caused its connection and coherence, one can understand the level of communication in an ode.Considering that "Amro bin Kulthum"'s ode is a coherent ode, the authors of this essay, with a descriptive-analytical approach, investigated the role of each of the factors that caused the ode's unity and cohesion, and at the end They have mentioned the differences of each of them.Among the similarities between them in the text of the mentioned ode is the repetition in the last words of each stanza, which are proportional to each other in terms of their weight. And we are pronouns.From this point of view, it can be said that there is a balance between the rhyme, verb and pronouns that are repeated throughout this ode, as well as the repetition of pseudo-repetition types in this ode.On the other hand; All kinds of semantic relations in the mentioned ode by using details and expressing the cause and effect factors have caused the unity of the theme and its proportionality and harmony. Also, the general and specific semantic relationships, which the poet aims to use to express the characteristics of himself and his people, as well as pride in them, are the cause of the unity of the theme and the sequence of thoughts, as well as proportionality and harmony in this ode. Because the reader understands the intention of the poet in this way.The results of the research show that in the poem "Omro bin Kulthum" both the factors of the unity of the poem and the unity of the theme are proportional and harmonious with each other

Abstract Muslim linguists and Arab writers paid special attention to the structures of the Holy Qur’an and its unique methods for accessing its rich secrets and knowledge.Regarding the importance of this noble book in word and meaning, this research intends to study the discourse of Moses, and his people in the Holy Qur’an, after studying how meanings are used in these verses based on the Functional Systemic Grammar based on Halliday (2004 AD) through the descriptive-analytical approach. It is one of the most important trends in functional linguistics.The research contains this main question: How can the initial structure in the discourse of Moses, and his people be matched based on the Functional Systemic Grammar theory based on Halliday? What is the role of using them in understanding their purpose and clarifying the topic of discussion in the Holy Qur’an? Therefore, the Qur’anic verses that include his discourse, and the discourse of his people were studied in the Holy Qur’an as one discourse, after revealing and defining them. Then we categorized the data and studied it and determined its frequency. What we found in this study is that the statistical percentages for declarative sentences are more frequent and imperative sentences are in second place.The reason of that is the Prophet, used admonition in the first step and then advice and The multiple theme is more frequent compared to the topical theme in both discourse and Most of the sentences are unmarked in the two discourse.

Abstract The Abbasid era witnessed an efflorescence of Arabic prose, characterized by its rich diversity and stylistic versatility. Among the literary genres that flourished during this period, the maqama stands out as a testament to the artistry and intellectual prowess of Abbasid writers. This study delves into the intricate world of maqamat by employing a semiotic approach, meticulously dissecting the works of al-Hamadani and al-Hariri. Through a comparative analysis, the study reveals a fascinating interplay between the two authors, with al-Hariri emerging as a master innovator who not only challenged al-Hamadani's conventions but also built upon his predecessors' legacy. On the phonetic and lexical levels, al-Hariri exhibits adherence to al-Hamadani's stylistic approach, while on the vertical level, he demonstrates respect for al-Hamadani's groundwork. However, it is on the grammatical and rhetorical levels that al-Hariri's true originality shines through. In conclusion, the semiotic analysis unveils a captivating narrative of literary innovation and homage. While al-Hariri's works exhibit a profound appreciation for al-Hamadani's contributions, they also stand as a testament to al-Hariri's own creative genius, his ability to push the boundaries of the maqama genre, and his enduring legacy as one of the most celebrated figures in Arabic literature

Abstract Modern poems are full of different techniques, including irony, as the scope of this technique has expanded, and many studies have included this type of literature to reveal the aesthetics of the poetic text. Irony has its literary beauty in contrast and disagreement with the familiar. This study attempts to shed light on the paradox of the situation in Zahran Al Qasimi’s poems, and focus on Poetic language, condensation, linguistic shifts, metaphor, metaphor, metonymy, and simile. We rarely find in contemporary poetry a paradox that carries different colors, according to Miwick’s theory, such as drama, predicament, event, and simple, which is called the paradox of the situation. Miwick tries to give definitions of the types of irony to distinguish between them in order to reach the position of the victim of irony or the irony of the situation, and most of them were extensively employed by the poet Zahran Al-Qasimi in his poetry collection “The Cytoplasm”, which deserved study, along the lines of the descriptive and analytical approach, to show the extent of the text’s effectiveness with irony. And describing the density of images immersed in literary intertextuality. The research attempted to combine ancient rhetoric with modern techniques to clarify the various paradoxes in Zahran’s poetry, and wants to answer two basic questions: What are the obvious paradoxes in Zahran’s poetry, and how is the paradox of the situation characterized in Zahran’s poems? The research reached several results, after giving poetry its due due by analyzing the poems and showing the irony of the situation in each of its types - that Zahran tends toward pictorial irony, especially dramatic irony, more than others.

Abstract Pragmatics is a triangle in which meaning is circulated between the speaker (the sender), the recipient (the addressee), and the context (the message). The purpose behind this communication and circulation is for the listener to understand the meaning and reach the deeper purposes of the text. In this regard, pragmatics relies heavily on verbal acts to achieve the achievement goals and the influencing goals that relate to the recipient’s reactions. Speech acts that mean that a statement is actually accomplished are divided into several divisions, the most important of which are: direct speech acts and indirect speech acts. What is meant by indirect is that the verb indicates its content based on the context and other circumstances. As for directness, the word explicitly indicates its meaning without the need for another context that helps to understand it. This research aims, through the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the views of John Austin, to study the indirect speech acts in the poem (No Reconciliation) by the contemporary Egyptian poet Amal Dunqul. It reached the following results: The poet used in this poem many indirect speech acts that... It often consists of prohibitions, questions, and commands for important achievement and impact purposes, most notably the mobilization of the nation to liberate the Palestinian people