Arabic Literature

Abstract In order to gain a more accurate understanding of the meanings and messages in a text, it is not enough to just focus and rely on its main world. Indeed, it is also necessary to examine its sub-worlds. Following advances in cognitive approaches in literary criticism, terms such as hypothetical worlds, possible worlds, secondary worlds, sub-worlds etc. were taken into consideration to examine literary texts through a more comprehensive and modern lens. Among such theories is Paul Werth's Text World Theory. In his theory of world discourse, he addresses three categories for text analysis, among which is the sub-worlds' approach. Through this approach, certain parameters are used to examine the existence of another world that exists in the context of a main world, and thus its meanings and functions are investigated. Considering the pluralism of discourse and the variety of semantic contexts in post-modern poetry, this paper examines and analyzes the poetry book of Wadih Sa'adeh, a prominent Lebanese poet, to find out to what extent sub-words exist in his poetry and how the poet has used them to expand on and promote his meanings. The result of the research shows that by creating sub-worlds along the the one-dimensional and static world, Wadih Sa'adeh has added dynamism, reflected silent voices or voices in exile, departed from the absolute reality and approached multiple and diverse realities. Moreover, he has used different parameters of time, place, speech, and attitude.

Abstract The feminism movement was created in the 19th century following the struggles of European women to gain more freedoms and civil rights, and it gradually became more widespread. This movement and its consequences, like any other transformation, found their way into literature, and concerned writers and poets in their works, according to their situation, raised women's issues and supported their rights. One of these writers, Ali Badr, is an Iraqi novelist who deals with the problems and issues of women in his novels, including The Family's Winter In this research, The Family's Winter has been analyzed with a descriptive-analytical method based on the first trend of feminist criticism, which is the prominence of women in men's works. The research results indicate that Ali Badr, along with highlighting the role of women and her feminine characteristics, also indirectly challenges the patriarchal society. He tries by drawing two female characters (aunt and nephew), on the one hand, to depict the limitations of women in Iraq in the 1960s and 1970s, and on the other hand, during the events of the novel, he defends women and women's rights and emphasizes the education and training of girls and women, women's independence and women's power, and most importantly, Ali Badr in this novel, undermine the anonymity of women and forced heterosexuality in the atmosphere of patriarchal Iraqi society

Abstract Psychoanalytic criticism is one of the branches of literary criticism that is used in the analysis and evaluation of texts, especially literary texts such as novels and stories. One of the theorists of this field is Ervin David Yalom. In his theory of psychotherapy, he has pointed to the four ultimate concerns of death, freedom, loneliness and emptiness, and has also expressed a defense strategy for each of them. According to Yalom, freedom has aspects such as responsibility, choice and decision. In this essay, relying on the descriptive-analytical method and the psychological approach, the concept of freedom and the methods of dealing with the anxiety caused by it have been examined in two novels "Zahr al-Laymun and other  stories " and "Telk al-Raeha". The result of the research shows that in the freedom part, sometimes the characters of two novels, especially the novel of Zahr al-Laymun and other stories, get confused and surprised in choosing and deciding between two or more, and they have to impose the fear of choosing one thing on themselves or submit to the choice of fate and destiny. Sometimes they consider themselves entitled to freedom and choosing a path and desire, and they try to achieve it, but sometimes they face a dead end and failure in realizing this freedom, and in other times, they bring freedom to themselves.

Abstract The theory of text worlds is a model of human linguistic processing that not only studies the entire text but also examines the contexts surrounding the production and interpretation of the text. The main assumption of this theory is that humans process and understand discourse through mental representations. This theory is comprised of the discourse world, text worlds with two components (world-building elements and function-advancing propositions),  and sub-worlds, which themselves consist of deictic,  attitudinal, and epistemic sub-worlds. The purpose of the present study is to identify the constructive elements of the poem "Al-Khayul" by the Egyptian poet Amal Dunqul, who is known as the "Prince of Denial Poets," based on a descriptive-analytical method and the theoretical approach of Paul Werth's text world theory and its complementary theory by Stock well and Gavins. The research findings indicate that in the discourse world, the tenor of the poem is accompanied by a type of mockery and contradiction, and the mode of discourse is biting and reproachful. In the context of text worlds, the world-building elements are character and object, specifically the horse, and the time primarily operates in the past and present. Regarding the function-advancing propositions, the micro-worlds are embedded within a macro-world, accompanied by commands and orders, and no type of disjunction is observed in these worlds. The referential sub-worlds initially focus on the past and then shift to the present, the attitudinal sub-world's frequency is towards goals, and the epistemic world does not manifest significantly

Abstract The Holy Qur'an has used material meanings to explain the intellectual and spiritual truth of God's exact accounting in the Day of Judgment. For this purpose, in expressing the truth of human creation and the significance of his finalism, God considers human life as a metaphor for trade and creates concept in the field of dealing between human and God. Considering the inherent and qualitative differences with worldly transactions, this transaction can bring eternal happiness and countless benefits to man. using the method of qualitative content analysis, in the framework of Fauconnie and Turner's theory of conceptual blending, this article examines the formation of concepts of divine accounting in different dimensions, and in the meantime, the method and result of conceptual blending between these two spaces has described. According to the results obtained in this mental perception, the input domain of faith and belief is combined with the domain of calculation, transaction, trade and profit, immortality and hereafter bliss. Now, if this blending is not done, the material calculating mind will overcome the abstract seeker mind, and it will be convinced to settle for the liquidity of the world's transactions. In other words, this conceptual blending enhances the mental abstraction of man in dealing with supernatural issues such as God, resurrection, calculation of actions, and the knowledge obtained leads to the strengthening of the effective components in this discussion

Abstract The subject of the dispute is the relationship between grammatical data and ideas on the one hand and on the other hand appropriate institutions for their translation in the target language. This type of investigation has had many ups and downs in the process of understanding the text. In this approach, the upcoming article looks for an epistemological-cognitive look at "syntactic data" and tries to answer the question, what is the relationship between this data in the grammatical system and the wisdom of the language user? And how does this communication help the reader in the process of understanding and translating the text? In the field of translation research, there are two types of approaches: originism and destinationism in the process of translating texts. According to these two approaches and with the method of content analysis and the comparative approach, the present research tried to create a connection between the grammatical data and the author's goals, and it has been said that the analysis of grammatical data is effective in the process of understanding and translating the text. In order to achieve this goal, the angular tool of substituting the exclamatory sound instead of the punitive sound at the beginning of the answer to the condition has been chosen as an example. The goal is to investigate the relationship of these data with the knowledge of the language user and provide a new approach in the process of text understanding and translation. Therefore, the case study of the article was chosen in the scope of the Qur'an text in order to be able to criticize the desired translation and present the suggested translation. In this way, with the presence of syntactic data in the translation process, a translation can be achieved in harmony with the goals of the source text. At the end of the research, it came to the conclusion that the studied examples in the translation could not establish a dialectical relationship between syntactic construction and semantic interpretation. In this way, considering this issue, the research proposed the model "As soon as…..

Abstract Since the discourse governing classical Arabic texts implies different opinions among theorists, the science of rhetoric, has not been immune from these different viewpoints. The root of these multiple attitudes to literary-rhetorical categories can be found in the non-observance of reading rules by thinkers. Allusion is a suitable tool for some theorists to express their theories based on misconceptions. Hamzah Alavi (749 AH), in the rhetorical book "Al-Taraz; Al-Mutazamin al-asrar Al-Balagha wa ‘ulum haghaigh al-ijaz", by challenging the "meaning" and the "semantic range" of allusion tries to invalidate their views. Ibn-Athir (637 AH) is one of the thinkers whose attitude towards the art of allusion has been the subject of Alavi’s controversy. The current research tries to explain the semantic realm of allusion focusing on the different views of the two discussed thinkers using a qualitative approach and inductive method. The findings suggests that according to Alavi, Ibn Athir's definition of allusion leads to the "transformation of the combined contrasts". On the other hand, Alavi's belief is violated on the basis that Ibn Athir included allusion, simile, and metaphor in its semantic range. He considers the real and figurative meaning in metaphor as two separate situations, in which case, he is required to accept the non-transfer of the meaning; But in allusion, by accepting the transfer of meaning, he considers real and virtual concepts as two different meanings for the word, and takes a reading against the nature of virtual concepts.